Abstract
Weed infestation and inherent low soil fertility are among the major factors attributed to the low yield of rice in Nigeria. Field trials were therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen application levels and weed control methods on growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07° 15'N, 03° 25'E) during 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. Three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60 and 90 kg/ha) were evaluated and they constituted the main plot treatments, while three weed control treatments, viz: pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® (propanil plus 2, 4-D) at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1, Orizo Plus® at 2.0 kg a.i ha-1 followed by supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) and three hoe-weeding regimes at 3, 6 and 9 WAS, and a weedy check constituted the sub-plot treatments. All the treatments in different combinations were laid out in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Results indicated a significant (p≤0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1. Similarly, crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1. However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice. All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check. Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p≤0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus®. With Orizo Plus® followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) increase in grain yield of rice. However, with Orizo Plus® applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield. These results suggest that Orizo Plus® at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Raising N from 0 to 90 kg/ha increased weed density and dry matter.
- Taxon
- upland rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1e1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokutae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e1“Results indicated a significant (p≤0.05) increase in weed density and dry matter with an increase in N application level from 0 to 90 kg ha-1”
e2“at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N up to 90 kg/ha increased crop vigour and plant height of upland rice.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- NERICA 2e0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- crop vigour and plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokutae2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e1“crop vigour and plant height increased significantly (p≤0.05) with increasing N application levels up to 90 kg ha-1”
e2“at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta”
Claim · model-written summary
60 and 90 kg N/ha were at par for tiller number, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- 60 and 90 kg N ha-1e3
- Outcome
- number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributese3
- Direction
- at pare3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e3“However, 60 and 90 kg N ha-1 were at par in increasing the number of tillers, leaf area index and yield attributes of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All weed control methods reduced weed density and dry matter compared with the weedy check.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- All the weed control methodse4
- Interactor
- weede4weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Comparator
- weedy checke4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e4“All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
All weed control methods increased rice growth and yield relative to the weedy check.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- All the weed control methodse4
- Outcome
- rice growth and yielde4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Comparator
- weedy checke4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e4“All the weed control methods resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in weed density and dry matter with subsequent increase in rice growth and yield than the weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes lowered weed density and dry matter compared with a sole Orizo Plus® application.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimese5
- Interactor
- weede5weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry mattere5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- a sole application of Orizo Plus®e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e5“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p≤0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus®”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes increased tiller number, panicle weight and grain yield compared with a sole Orizo Plus® application.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimese5
- Outcome
- number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- a sole application of Orizo Plus®e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e5“Pre-emergence application of Orizo Plus® followed by SHW at 6 WAS and three hoe-weeding regimes resulted in significantly (p≤0.05) lower weed density and dry matter, and a higher number of tillers, panicle weight and grain yield than a sole application of Orizo Plus®”
Claim · model-written summary
With Orizo Plus® followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N significantly increased rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levelse6
- Outcome
- grain yield of ricee6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Qualifier
- With Orizo Plus® followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e6“With Orizo Plus® followed by one SHW or three hoe-weeding regimes, increasing N application levels resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) increase in grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
With Orizo Plus® applied alone, increasing N did not increase rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing N application levelse7
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde7
- Direction
- did not increasee7
- Qualifier
- with Orizo Plus® applied alonee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e7“However, with Orizo Plus® applied alone, increasing N application levels did not increase rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Orizo Plus® at 2.0 kg a.i./ha followed by one SHW at 6 WAS with N at 90 kg/ha is adequate to control weeds and increase rice yield in the transition zone of Nigeria.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Orizo Plus® at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1e1
- Outcome
- control weeds and increase rice yielde1
- Setting
- rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeriae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth and yield of upland rice (var. NERICA 2)”
e1“These results suggest that Orizo Plus® at 2.0 kg a.iha-1 followed by one SHW at 6 WAS integrated with N application at 90 kg ha-1 is adequate to effectively control weeds and increase rice yield in the rainforest-savannah transition zone of Nigeria”
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