Abstract
Climate change is causing an increase in air temperature during the reproductive and grain-filling stages, which is detrimental to soybean production and quality. Assessing the variability induced by heat stress in morpho-physiological, yield, and quality traits is an effective strategy for identifying heat-tolerant cultivars. In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages to investigate the heat stress-induced variability in morpho-physiological, yield, and quality traits. On average, stomatal conductance decreased by 11% under heat stress compared to the control. However, the cultivar R01-416F had the maximum increase in stomatal conductance (34%), and the least increase in canopy temperature (+2 °C) under the heat stress as compared to the control. Heat-stressed plants recorded a 3% reduction in chlorophyll content, with the cultivar DM 45 × 61 experiencing the greatest decline of 22%. Across cultivars, specific leaf area decreased by 17% under heat stress, with G4620RX recording the highest reduction (28%). The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control. However, among the ten cultivars, R15-2422 and LS5009X displayed relatively less reduction in seed number under heat stress. In comparison to the control, the cultivar R01-416F had the highest reduction in seed protein (4.4%) under heat stress, while it recorded a 16.6% increase in oil. Based on the phenotypic plasticity index, the cultivars R15-2422, and LS5009XS demonstrated the potential of maintaining higher yields under hot conditions. These findings highlight the significant impact of heat stress on soybean plasticity. The knowledge generated in this study helps in selecting and developing cultivars that can withstand heat stress, thus maintaining productivity and quality in warmer climates.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Across cultivars, heat stress decreased stomatal conductance by 11% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 11%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“On average, stomatal conductance decreased by 11% under heat stress compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar R01-416F had the maximum increase in stomatal conductance (34%) under heat stress relative to the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R01-416Fe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse3
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- maximum increasee2
- Value
- 34%e2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“the cultivar R01-416F had the maximum increase in stomatal conductance (34%)”
e3“the least increase in canopy temperature (+2 °C) under the heat stress as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar R01-416F had the least increase in canopy temperature (+2 °C) under heat stress relative to the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R01-416Fe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse3
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee3
- Direction
- least increasee3
- Value
- +2 °Ce3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“the cultivar R01-416F had the maximum increase in stomatal conductance (34%)”
e3“the least increase in canopy temperature (+2 °C) under the heat stress as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-stressed plants recorded a 3% reduction in chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Heat-stressed plantse2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 3%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“Heat-stressed plants recorded a 3% reduction in chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar DM 45 × 61 had the greatest decline in chlorophyll content (22%) under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- DM 45 × 61e2
- Treatment
- Heat-stressed plantse2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente2
- Direction
- greatest declinee2
- Value
- 22%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“Heat-stressed plants recorded a 3% reduction in chlorophyll content, with the cultivar DM 45 × 61 experiencing the greatest decline of 22%”
Claim · model-written summary
Across cultivars, specific leaf area decreased by 17% under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 17%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“Across cultivars, specific leaf area decreased by 17% under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar G4620RX had the highest reduction in specific leaf area (28%) under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- G4620RXe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae2
- Direction
- highest reductione2
- Value
- 28%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“Across cultivars, specific leaf area decreased by 17% under heat stress, with G4620RX recording the highest reduction (28%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced pod number by 3.8% per °C increase in temperature over the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- per °C increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- pod numbere2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 3.8%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced pod weight by 4% per °C increase in temperature over the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- per °C increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- pod weighte2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 4%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced seed number by 4.2% per °C increase in temperature over the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- per °C increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- seed numbere2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 4.2%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced seed weight by 5% per °C increase in temperature over the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- per °C increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- seed weighte2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 5%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced hundred-seed weight by 1.1% per °C increase in temperature over the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- per °C increase in temperaturee2
- Outcome
- hundred-seed weighte2
- Direction
- reductione2
- Value
- 1.1%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“The results revealed a significant reduction in pod number (3.8%), pod weight (4%), seed number (4.2%), seed weight (5%), and hundred-seed weight (1.1%) per °C increase in temperature over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar R15-2422 showed a relatively smaller reduction in seed number under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R15-2422e2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- seed numbere2
- Direction
- less reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“However, among the ten cultivars, R15-2422 and LS5009X displayed relatively less reduction in seed number under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar LS5009X showed a relatively smaller reduction in seed number under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- LS5009Xe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- seed numbere2
- Direction
- less reductione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“However, among the ten cultivars, R15-2422 and LS5009X displayed relatively less reduction in seed number under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar R01-416F had the highest reduction in seed protein (4.4%) under heat stress compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R01-416Fe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- seed proteine2
- Direction
- highest reductione2
- Value
- 4.4%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“In comparison to the control, the cultivar R01-416F had the highest reduction in seed protein (4.4%) under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar R01-416F recorded a 16.6% increase in oil under heat stress compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R01-416Fe2
- Treatment
- heat stresse2
- Outcome
- oile2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 16.6%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“In comparison to the control, the cultivar R01-416F had the highest reduction in seed protein (4.4%) under heat stress, while it recorded a 16.6% increase in oil”
Claim · model-written summary
Based on its phenotypic plasticity index, cultivar R15-2422 is expected to maintain higher yields under hot conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- R15-2422e2
- Treatment
- hot conditionse2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“the cultivars R15-2422, and LS5009XS demonstrated the potential of maintaining higher yields under hot conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Based on its phenotypic plasticity index, cultivar LS5009XS is expected to maintain higher yields under hot conditions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- LS5009XSe2
- Treatment
- hot conditionse2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In this study, ten soybean cultivars were exposed to temperatures 4.6 °C above the optimum (32 °C) from the R1 to R6 stages”
e2“the cultivars R15-2422, and LS5009XS demonstrated the potential of maintaining higher yields under hot conditions”
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