Abstract
BACKGROUND: Incidences of heat stress due to the changing global climate can negatively affect the growth and yield of temperature-sensitive crops such as soybean variety, Pungsannamul. Increased temperatures decrease crop productivity by affecting biochemical, physiological, molecular, and morphological factors either individually or in combination with other abiotic stresses. The application of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (PGPEB) offers an ecofriendly approach for improving agriculture crop production and counteracting the negative effects of heat stress. RESULTS: We isolated, screened and identified thermotolerant B. cereus SA1 as a bacterium that could produce biologically active metabolites, such as gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid, and organic acids. SA1 inoculation improved the biomass, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of soybean plants under normal and heat stress conditions for 5 and 10 days. Heat stress increased abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced salicylic acid (SA); however, SA1 inoculation markedly reduced ABA and increased SA. Antioxidant analysis results showed that SA1 increased the ascorbic acid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione contents in soybean plants. In addition, heat stress markedly decreased amino acid contents; however, they were increased with SA1 inoculation. Heat stress for 5 days increased heat shock protein (HSP) expression, and a decrease in GmHSP expression was observed after 10 days; however, SA1 inoculation augmented the heat stress response and increased HSP expression. The stress-responsive GmLAX3 and GmAKT2 were overexpressed in SA1-inoculated plants and may be associated with decreased reactive oxygen species generation, altered auxin and ABA stimuli, and enhanced potassium gradients, which are critical in plants under heat stress. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that B. cereus SA1 could be used as a thermotolerant bacterium for the mitigation of heat stress damage in soybean plants and could be commercialized as a biofertilizer only in case found non-pathogenic.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
B. cereus SA1 produced gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid and organic acids.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- B. cereus SA1
Bacillus cereuse0symbiont - Outcome
- produce biologically active metabolitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. cereus SA1 as a bacterium that could produce biologically active metabolites, such as gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid, and organic acids”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 inoculation improved soybean biomass, chlorophyll content and fluorescence under normal and heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- SA1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- normal and heat stress conditions for 5 and 10 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA1 inoculation improved the biomass, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of soybean plants under normal and heat stress conditions for 5 and 10 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased ABA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress increased abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress increased abscisic acid (ABA) and reduced salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 inoculation reduced ABA.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SA1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA1 inoculation markedly reduced ABA and increased SA”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 inoculation increased salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SA1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- SAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA1 inoculation markedly reduced ABA and increased SA”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 increased ascorbic acid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- SA1e0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA1 increased the ascorbic acid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione contents in soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased amino acid contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- amino acid contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat stress markedly decreased amino acid contents”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 inoculation increased amino acid contents.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SA1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- amino acid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, heat stress markedly decreased amino acid contents; however, they were increased with SA1 inoculation”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days of heat stress increased heat shock protein expression.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Heat stress for 5 dayse0
- Outcome
- heat shock protein (HSP) expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress for 5 days increased heat shock protein (HSP) expression”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmHSP expression decreased after ten days.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Gene
- GmHSPe0
- Outcome
- GmHSP expressione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- after 10 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in GmHSP expression was observed after 10 days”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
SA1 inoculation increased HSP expression under heat stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- SA1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- HSP expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA1 inoculation augmented the heat stress response and increased HSP expression”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GmLAX3 and GmAKT2 were overexpressed in SA1-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- SA1e0symbiont
- Gene
- GmLAX3 and GmAKT2e0
- Outcome
- overexpressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stress-responsive GmLAX3 and GmAKT2 were overexpressed in SA1-inoculated plants”
t0“soybean”
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