Abstract
Abstract Background Salinity is a major threat to the agriculture industry due to the negative impact of salinity stress on crop productivity. In the present study, we isolated rhizobacteria and evaluated their capacities to promote crop growth under salt stress conditions. Results We isolated rhizospheric bacteria from sand dune flora of Pohang beach, Korea, and screened them for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits. Among 55 bacterial isolates, 14 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 10 produced siderophores, and 12 produced extracellular polymeric and phosphate solubilization. Based on these PGP traits, we selected 11 isolates to assess for salinity tolerance. Among them, ALT29 and ALT43 showed the highest tolerance to salinity stress. Next, we tested the culture filtrate of isolates ALT29 and ALT43 for IAA and organic acids to confirm the presence of these PGP products. To investigate the effects of ALT29 and ALT43 on salt tolerance in soybean, we grew seedlings in 0 mM, 80 mM, 160 mM, and 240 mM NaCl treatments, inoculating half with the bacterial isolates. Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%), Chl a (8–43%), Chl b (13–46%), and carotenoid (14–39%) content of soybean grown under salt stress. Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 also significantly decreased endogenous ABA levels (0.77-fold) and increased endogenous SA contents (6–16%), increased total protein (10–20%) and glutathione contents, and reduced lipid peroxidation (0.8–5-fold), superoxide anion (21–68%), peroxidase (12.14–17.97%), and polyphenol oxidase (11.76–27.06%) contents in soybean under salinity stress. In addition, soybean treated with ALT29 and ALT43 exhibited higher K + uptake (9.34–67.03%) and reduced Na + content (2–4.5-fold). Genes involved in salt tolerance, GmFLD19 and GmNARK , were upregulated under NaCl stress; however, significant decreases in GmFLD19 (3–12-fold) and GmNARK (1.8–3.7-fold) expression were observed in bacterial inoculated plants. Conclusion In conclusion, bacterial isolates ALT29 and ALT43 can mitigate salinity stress and increase plant growth, providing an eco-friendly approach for addressing saline conditions in agricultural production systems.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen isolates produced IAA.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“14 produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten isolates produced siderophores.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“10 produced siderophores”
Claim · model-written summary
Twelve isolates produced extracellular polymeric and phosphate solubilization.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“12 produced extracellular polymeric and phosphate solubilization”
Claim · model-written summary
ALT29 and ALT43 had the highest salinity tolerance among the selected isolates.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“ALT29 and ALT43 showed the highest tolerance to salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean shoot length by 13% under salt stress.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean root length by 21%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean shoot fresh weight by 44%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean shoot dry weight by 35%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean root fresh and dry weight by 9%.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- root fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean chlorophyll content by 16–24%.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16–24%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean Chl a by 8–43%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%), Chl a (8–43%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean Chl b by 13–46%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%), Chl a (8–43%), Chl b (13–46%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased soybean carotenoid content by 14–39%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 significantly increased shoot length (13%), root length (21%), shoot fresh and dry weight (44 and 35%), root fresh and dry weight (9%), chlorophyll content (16–24%), Chl a (8–43%), Chl b (13–46%), and carotenoid (14–39%) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation decreased endogenous ABA levels 0.77-fold.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- endogenous ABA levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.77-folde0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 also significantly decreased endogenous ABA levels (0.77-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased endogenous SA contents by 6–16%.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- endogenous SA contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6–16%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 also significantly decreased endogenous ABA levels (0.77-fold) and increased endogenous SA contents (6–16%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased total protein by 10–20% and glutathione contents.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with ALT29 and ALT43 also significantly decreased endogenous ABA levels (0.77-fold) and increased endogenous SA contents (6–16%), increased total protein (10–20%) and glutathione contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced lipid peroxidation 0.8–5-fold.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“reduced lipid peroxidation (0.8–5-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced superoxide anion by 21–68%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“superoxide anion (21–68%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation raised K + uptake by 9.34–67.03%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- treated with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- K + uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.34–67.03%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean treated with ALT29 and ALT43 exhibited higher K + uptake (9.34–67.03%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation reduced soybean Na + content 2–4.5-fold.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- treated with ALT29 and ALT43e0
- Outcome
- Na + contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2–4.5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean treated with ALT29 and ALT43 exhibited higher K + uptake (9.34–67.03%) and reduced Na + content (2–4.5-fold)”
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