Abstract
Introduction Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply. Inadequate and improper resource utilization may impose negative impacts on agricultural sustainability. To counteract the negative impacts, a deeper understanding of the different resource management strategies is an essential prerequisite to assess the resource saving potential of crops. Methods We explored plausible adaptation strategies including drip irrigation lateral spacings of 40 and 80 cm (hereafter referred to as LS 40 and LS 80 , respectively), irrigating winter wheat after soil water consumption of 20 and 35 mm (hereafter represented as IS 20 and IS 35 , respectively), and nitrogen fertilization scheme of a) applying 50% nitrogen as a basal dose and 50% as a top-dressing dose (NS 50:50 ), b) 25% nitrogen as a basal dose and 75% as a topdressing dose (NS 25:75 ), and c) no nitrogen application as a basal dose and 100% application as a top-dressing dose (NS 0:100 ). Results and discussion The consecutive 2 years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) of field study results show that growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively. Irrigation scheduling of IS 35 treatment improved all the growth-related and yield parameters of winter wheat. Further, treating 25% nitrogen as a basal dose and application of 75% as a top-dressing dose positively influenced the winter wheat yield. While NS 0:100 increased the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground biomass as compared to the other application strategies, but high nitrogen was observed in deeper soil layers. Regarding soil environment, the lowest soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen contents were observed in LS 80 during both growing seasons. Overall, coupling the IS 35 with NS 25:75 under 40-cm lateral spacing is a suitable choice for sustainable winter wheat production in theNorth China Plain. The results of our study may be helpful in advancing the knowledge of the farmer community for winter wheat production. The findings can also aid in advancing new insights among scientists working on soil water and nitrogen distribution in drip irrigation for better productivity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under 40 cm lateral spacing (LS 40) had 15.04% higher water use efficiency in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 15.04%e1
- Qualifier
- 2017–2018 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 6.95% higher grain yield in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 6.95%e1
- Qualifier
- 2017–2018 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 5.67% higher 1,000-grain weight in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- 1,000-grain weighte1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 5.67%e1
- Qualifier
- 2017–2018 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 21.59% more grains per spike in 2017–2018.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 21.59%e1
- Qualifier
- 2017–2018 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 12.70% higher water use efficiency in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 12.70%e1
- Qualifier
- 2018–2019 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 7.17% higher grain yield in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 7.17%e1
- Qualifier
- 2018–2019 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 2.66% higher 1,000-grain weight in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- 1,000-grain weighte1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 2.66%e1
- Qualifier
- 2018–2019 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat under LS 40 had 19.25% more grains per spike in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- LS 40e1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 19.25%e1
- Qualifier
- 2018–2019 seasone1
- Setting
- North China Plaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growing winter wheat under LS 40 enhanced the water use efficiency (WUE), grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, and number of grains per spike by 15.04%, 6.95%, 5.67%, and 21.59% during the 2017–2018 season, respectively. Additionally, the corresponding values during the 2018–2019 season were 12.70%, 7.17%, 2.66%, and 19.25%, respectively”
e0“Agricultural activities in the North China Plain are often challenged by inadequate irrigation and nutrient supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation scheduling at 35 mm (IS 35) improved all growth-related and yield parameters of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Irrigation scheduling of IS 35e2
- Outcome
- growth-related and yield parameterse2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Irrigation scheduling of IS 35 treatment improved all the growth-related and yield parameters of winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Splitting nitrogen 25:75 between basal and top-dressing positively influenced winter wheat yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 25% nitrogen as a basal dose and application of 75% as a top-dressing dosee3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- positively influencede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“treating 25% nitrogen as a basal dose and application of 75% as a top-dressing dose positively influenced the winter wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
NS 0:100 increased plant height, leaf area index and aboveground biomass compared with the other nitrogen strategies.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NS 0:100e4
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground biomasse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- the other application strategiese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e4“While NS 0:100 increased the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground biomass as compared to the other application strategies”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen was observed in deeper soil layers in winter wheat plots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- high nitrogene5
- Qualifier
- in deeper soil layerse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e5“high nitrogen was observed in deeper soil layers”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen contents were observed under LS 80 in both seasons.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LS 80e6
- Outcome
- soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen contentse6
- Direction
- loweste6
- Setting
- both growing seasonse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e6“the lowest soil moisture and nitrate nitrogen contents were observed in LS 80 during both growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Coupling IS 35 with NS 25:75 under 40 cm lateral spacing is a suitable choice for sustainable winter wheat production in the North China Plain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- coupling the IS 35 with NS 25:75 under 40-cm lateral spacinge7
- Outcome
- sustainable winter wheat productione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Overall, coupling the IS 35 with NS 25:75 under 40-cm lateral spacing is a suitable choice for sustainable winter wheat production in theNorth China Plain”
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