Abstract
Iron toxicity originated from excess ferrous ion (Fe2+) availability within plant growth medium remains a potent stress severely limiting rice productivity via alteration of photosynthetic and metabolic processes. Silicon (Si) or potassium (K) individually can enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, including metal toxicity. However, their combined mitigation effects lack proper exploration even though greater alleviation potential could possibly be achieved. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of combined application of Si and K in mitigating Fe2+ toxicity impairments to rice leaf mesophyll tissue. The experiment was laid out in a factorial combination of two Fe2+ levels (0 and 300 mg L−1), two Si levels (0 and 56 mg L−1), and two K levels (0 and 200 mg L−1) following a completely randomized design. Excess Fe2+ impaired leaf mesophyll performance by negatively affecting all tested parameters; however, Si and K significantly reduced those impairments. The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control, with 29% decrease in Fe content and 4.2-fold and 1.7-fold respective increase in Si and K content of rice leaf mesophyll. Silicon or K enhanced photosynthetic performance by boosting antioxidant activity, proline content, and polyphenol content, thereby reducing oxidative damages from Fe2+-generated free radicals like hydrogen peroxide; however, K was comparatively more effective than Si. The combined application of Si and K resulted in significantly better Fe2+ toxicity alleviation response over their sole application for the maximum studied traits. The findings would contribute to the present understanding of Fe2+ toxicity alleviation and help in strategizing crop management practices for sustainable rice production in Fe2+-toxic lowlands.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Excess Fe2+ impaired all tested rice leaf mesophyll parameters.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Excess Fe2+e0
- Outcome
- leaf mesophyll performancee0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess Fe2+ impaired leaf mesophyll performance by negatively affecting all tested parameters; however, Si and K significantly reduced those impairments.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Si reduced Fe2+ impairment of rice leaf mesophyll parameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- impairmentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si and K significantly reduced those impairments.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
K reduced Fe2+ impairment of rice leaf mesophyll parameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- impairmentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si and K significantly reduced those impairments.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated total chlorophyll content by 23% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated maximum quantum yield of photosystem II by 27% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated membrane stability index by 14% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- membrane stability indexe0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated relative cell death by 40% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- relative cell deathe0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated lipid peroxidation by 25% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated total protein content by 37% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- total protein contente0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated free proline content by 24% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- free proline contente0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated total polyphenol content by 48% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- total polyphenol contente0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 48%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated hydrogen peroxide content by 34% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide contente0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated total antioxidant activity by 28% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- total antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated net photosynthetic rate by 41% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K mitigated plant biomass by 15% compared with control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- integrated application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- mitigation effectse0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The integrated application of Si and K resulted in the maximum mitigation effects as high as 23%, 27%, 14%, 40%, 25%, 37%, 24%, 48%, 34%, 28%, 41%, and 15% for total chlorophyll content, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, membrane stability index, relative cell death, lipid peroxidation, total protein content, free proline content, total polyphenol content, hydrogen peroxide content, total antioxidant activity, net photosynthetic rate, and plant biomass, respectively, compared with the control”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K decreased Fe content in rice leaf mesophyll by 29%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with 29% decrease in Fe content and 4.2-fold and 1.7-fold respective increase in Si and K content of rice leaf mesophyll.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K increased Si content in rice leaf mesophyll 4.2-fold.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- Si and K contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.2-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with 29% decrease in Fe content and 4.2-fold and 1.7-fold respective increase in Si and K content of rice leaf mesophyll.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K increased K content in rice leaf mesophyll 1.7-fold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with 29% decrease in Fe content and 4.2-fold and 1.7-fold respective increase in Si and K content of rice leaf mesophyll.”
Claim · model-written summary
K was more effective than Si in enhancing photosynthetic performance under Fe2+ toxicity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- Sie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silicon or K enhanced photosynthetic performance by boosting antioxidant activity, proline content, and polyphenol content, thereby reducing oxidative damages from Fe2+-generated free radicals like hydrogen peroxide; however, K was comparatively more effective than Si.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Si and K alleviated Fe2+ toxicity better than either sole application for most traits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application of Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- Fe2+ toxicity alleviation responsee0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- their sole applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of Si and K resulted in significantly better Fe2+ toxicity alleviation response over their sole application for the maximum studied traits.”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
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