Abstract
Trees in cacao Agroforestry systems (AFS) may present a high potential for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, helping to reduce Cd in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants grown in contaminated soils. To assess this potential, four forest fine-woody species commonly found in cacao high-productive sites in Colombia (Tabebuia rosea, Terminalia superba, Albizia guachapele, and Cariniana pyriformis) were exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium. Growth dynamics, tolerance index (TI), and Cd concentration and allocation in leaves, stems, and roots were evaluated for up to 90 days after initial exposure. T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination. Despite showing a high stem Cd concentration, C. pyriformis also showed the lowest relative growth rate. Among the evaluated forest species, A. guachapele exhibited the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant (2.02 mg plant−1) but also exhibited a higher Cd allocation to leaves (4%) and a strong decrease in leaf and stem dry mass after 90 days of exposure (~75% and 50% respectively, compared to control treatments). Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species and recognized phytoextractor tree species in the literature, such as Cd hyperaccumulation, high tolerance index, low Cd concentration in leaves, and high Cd allocation to the stem (harvestable as wood), this species is considered to have a high potential for cadmium phytoextraction in cocoa agroforestry systems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Terminalia superba was moderately tolerant to 12 ppm Cd (TI > 0.6).
- Taxon
- T. superba
Terminalia superbae1 - Treatment
- 12 ppm Cd contaminatione1
- Outcome
- moderately tolerante1
- Value
- TI > 0.6e1
- Setting
- hydroponic mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
Albizia guachapele was moderately tolerant to 12 ppm Cd (TI > 0.6).
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
Cariniana pyriformis was moderately tolerant to 12 ppm Cd (TI > 0.6).
- Taxon
- C. pyriformis
Cariniana pyriformise1 - Treatment
- 12 ppm Cd contaminatione1
- Outcome
- moderately tolerante1
- Value
- TI > 0.6e1
- Setting
- hydroponic mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
Tabebuia rosea was sensitive to 12 ppm Cd (TI < 0.35).
- Taxon
- T. rosea
Tabebuia roseae1 - Treatment
- 12 ppm Cd contaminatione1
- Outcome
- sensitive speciese1
- Value
- TI < 0.35e1
- Setting
- hydroponic mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
Claim · model-written summary
Cariniana pyriformis had a high stem Cd concentration.
- Taxon
- C. pyriformisCariniana pyriformise2
- Outcome
- stem Cd concentratione2
- Direction
- highe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Despite showing a high stem Cd concentration, C. pyriformis also showed the lowest relative growth rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Cariniana pyriformis had the lowest relative growth rate among the species.
- Taxon
- C. pyriformisCariniana pyriformise2
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee2
- Direction
- loweste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Despite showing a high stem Cd concentration, C. pyriformis also showed the lowest relative growth rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Albizia guachapele had the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant among the evaluated forest species (2.02 mg plant−1).
Verbatim
e3“Among the evaluated forest species, A. guachapele exhibited the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant (2.02 mg plant−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Albizia guachapele allocated a higher proportion of Cd to leaves (4%).
- Taxon
- A. guachapelePseudosamanea guachapelee3
- Outcome
- Cd allocation to leavese4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 4%e4
Verbatim
e3“Among the evaluated forest species, A. guachapele exhibited the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant (2.02 mg plant−1)”
e4“but also exhibited a higher Cd allocation to leaves (4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Albizia guachapele leaf dry mass decreased by about 75% after 90 days of CdCl2 exposure compared with controls.
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
e5“a strong decrease in leaf and stem dry mass after 90 days of exposure (~75% and 50% respectively, compared to control treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
Albizia guachapele stem dry mass decreased by 50% after 90 days of CdCl2 exposure compared with controls.
Verbatim
e0“exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium”
e1“T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination”
e5“a strong decrease in leaf and stem dry mass after 90 days of exposure (~75% and 50% respectively, compared to control treatments)”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminalia superba is considered to have a high potential for cadmium phytoextraction in cocoa agroforestry systems.
- Taxon
- T. superbaTerminalia superbae7
- Outcome
- potential for cadmium phytoextractione6
- Direction
- highe6
- Setting
- cocoa agroforestry systemse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“this species is considered to have a high potential for cadmium phytoextraction in cocoa agroforestry systems”
e7“Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminalia superba allocates a high proportion of Cd to the stem, harvestable as wood.
- Taxon
- T. superbaTerminalia superbae7
- Outcome
- Cd allocation to the steme2
- Direction
- highe2
- Qualifier
- harvestable as woode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species”
e2“high Cd allocation to the stem (harvestable as wood)”
Claim · model-written summary
Terminalia superba has a low Cd concentration in leaves.
- Taxon
- T. superbaTerminalia superbae7
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in leavese2
- Direction
- lowe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species”
e2“low Cd concentration in leaves”