Abstract
The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton, whose symptoms develop in the late stages of growth and result in wilting and death. Despite significant research efforts to reduce disease incidences, effective control strategies against M. phaseolina are an ongoing scientific effort. Today’s CRD control tends toward green options to reduce the chemicals’ environmental footprint and health risks. Here, different Trichoderma species were examined separately and in combination with Azoxystrobin (AS) in semi-field open-enclosure pots and a commercial field throughout a full season. In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%–14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173). The chemical treatment alone at a low dose had no significant impact. Still, adding AS improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum ( T7507 ) and impaired P1 efficiency. Real-time PCR monitoring of the pathogen DNA in the plants’ roots at the harvest (day 176), revealed the efficiency of the combined treatments: T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) + AS. In a commercial field, seed dressing with a mixture of Trichoderma species (mix of P1, T7407, and Trichoderma sp. O.Y. 7107 isolate) and irrigation of their secreted metabolites during seeding resulted in the highest yields compared with the control. Applying only AS irrigation at a low dose (2,000 cc/ha), with the sowing, was the second best in promoting crops. The molecular M. phaseolina detection showed that the AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) and the biological mix treatments were the most effective. Reducing the AS chemical treatment dosages by half impaired its effectiveness. Irrigation timing, also studied here, is proven vital. Early water opening during the late spring suppresses the disease outburst and damages. The results demonstrated the benefits of CRD bio-shielding and encouraged to explore the potential of a combined bio-chemo pest control approach. Such interphase can be environmentally friendly (reducing chemical substances), stabilize the biological treatment in changing environmental conditions, achieve high efficiency even in severe CRD cases, and reduce the development of fungicide resistance.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum (P1) improved cotton growth by 13%-14% at day 69 in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume2 - Treatment
- T. asperellum (P1)e1
- Interactor
- T. asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- improvemente1
- Value
- 13%–14%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%–14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173)”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum (P1) increased the number of cotton capsules by 36% in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (P1)e1
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- the number of capsulese1
- Direction
- improvemente1
- Value
- 36%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%–14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173)”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum (P1) increased the weight of cotton capsules by 78% in pot experiments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (P1)e1
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- their weighte1
- Direction
- improvemente1
- Value
- 78%e1
- Setting
- pot experimente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled and led to improvement in growth (13%–14%, day 69) and crops (the number of capsules by 36% and their weight by 78%, day 173)”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The chemical treatment alone at a low dose had no significant effect on cotton disease.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- chemical treatment alone at a low dosee3
- Outcome
- impacte3
- Direction
- no significant impacte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The chemical treatment alone at a low dose had no significant impact”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding azoxystrobin improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum (T7507) on cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- adding ASe4
- Interactor
- T. longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effecte4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Still, adding AS improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum ( T7507 ) and impaired P1 efficiency”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding azoxystrobin impaired the efficiency of T. asperellum (P1) on cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- adding ASe4
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (P1)Trichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- P1 efficiencye4
- Direction
- impairede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Still, adding AS improved the effect of T. longibrachiatum ( T7507 ) and impaired P1 efficiency”
e1“In the pot experiment, the T. asperellum (P1) excelled”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatments of T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) with azoxystrobin revealed efficiency against pathogen DNA in cotton roots at harvest.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) + ASe5
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinat0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. longibrachiatumTrichoderma longibrachiatume5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen DNAe7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“revealed the efficiency of the combined treatments: T. longibrachiatum (T7407 and T7507) + AS”
e7“Real-time PCR monitoring of the pathogen DNA”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
t0“The cotton charcoal rot causal agent, Macrophomina phaseolina”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dressing with a Trichoderma species mixture plus irrigation with their metabolites gave the highest cotton yields in a commercial field compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- seed dressing with a mixture of Trichoderma speciese6
- Interactor
- Trichoderma species
Trichodermae6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- yieldse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Comparator
- the controle6
- Setting
- commercial fielde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In a commercial field, seed dressing with a mixture of Trichoderma species (mix of P1, T7407, and Trichoderma sp. O.Y. 7107 isolate) and irrigation of their secreted metabolites during seeding resulted in the highest yields compared with the control”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin irrigation alone at a low dose was the second best treatment for promoting cotton crops.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- AS irrigation at a low dose (2,000 cc/ha)e7
- Outcome
- promoting cropse7
- Direction
- second beste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Applying only AS irrigation at a low dose (2,000 cc/ha), with the sowing, was the second best in promoting crops”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) was the most effective treatment for molecular detection of M. phaseolina in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha)e3
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae3pathogen
- Outcome
- molecular M. phaseolina detectione3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The molecular M. phaseolina detection showed that the AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) and the biological mix treatments were the most effective”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The biological Trichoderma mix treatments were the most effective treatment for molecular detection of M. phaseolina in cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- the biological mix treatmentse3
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae3pathogen
- Outcome
- molecular M. phaseolina detectione3
- Direction
- most effectivee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The molecular M. phaseolina detection showed that the AS at a high dose (4,000 cc/ha) and the biological mix treatments were the most effective”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Halving the azoxystrobin dosage impaired its effectiveness against cotton disease.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- Reducing the AS chemical treatment dosages by halfe3
- Outcome
- effectivenesse3
- Direction
- impairede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Reducing the AS chemical treatment dosages by half impaired its effectiveness”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early water opening during late spring suppressed cotton disease outbreak and damage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume2
- Treatment
- Early water opening during the late springe3
- Outcome
- disease outburst and damagese3
- Direction
- suppressese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Early water opening during the late spring suppresses the disease outburst and damages”
e2“The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina causes charcoal rot disease (CRD) in cotton”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma asperellum · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma longibrachiatum · Macrophomina phaseolina · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
seed treatment · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.