Abstract
Abstract Background The most common soil-borne diseases in cotton are root rot and wilt, which are caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Taub) Butler and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum , respectively. These two diseases significantly reduce plant stand and production. Under extreme circumstances, the application of fungicides does not provide satisfactory management of these diseases and also pollutes the environment. The effect of biocontrol agents, their combinations and fungicides on root rot and wilt management and plant growth in Gossypium hirsutum and G. arboreum cultivars CSH-3129 and CICR-3 were studied during 2017–18 and 2018–19. Results Out of six isolates of Trichoderma spp., T. asperellum (Th-11) was the most effective for inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (64.4–100%). The combined seed treatment of T. asperellum (Th-11, c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g) resulted in the highest plant vigour index in CSH-3129 (890.9%) and CICR-3 cultivars (393.5%) at 15 days after treatment. Ninety days after sowing, the combined seed treatments of T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF followed by T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens showed the lowest area under the disease progress curve in CICR-3 and CSH 3129. Two-year pooled results indicated that the combined seed treatment with T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF reduced the root rot disease by 51 and 57.5% in CICR-3 and CSH-3129 cultivars, respectively, under field conditions. Conclusion The present investigation suggested that combined application of the most effective strains of T. asperellum (Th-11) @10 g/kg + P. fluorescens @10 g/kg and AMF @20 g/kg can effectively manage root rot and wilt diseases up to 60 days after sowing and enhance plant growth under field conditions. However, the application rates of these biocontrol agents vis-à-vis load of pathogen inoculum in the field must be further evaluated for improved and long-term effects.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum Th-11 was the most effective of six Trichoderma isolates in inhibiting R. solani mycelial growth within the reported 64.4–100% range.
- Taxon
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0 - Treatment
- T. asperellum (Th-11)e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 64.4–100%e0
- Comparator
- six isolates of Trichoderma spp.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Out of six isolates of Trichoderma spp., T. asperellum (Th-11) was the most effective for inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (64.4–100%).”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum Th-11 was the most effective isolate in inhibiting F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum mycelial growth within the reported 64.4–100% range.
- Taxon
- F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectume0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (Th-11)e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 64.4–100%e0
- Comparator
- six isolates of Trichoderma spp.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Out of six isolates of Trichoderma spp., T. asperellum (Th-11) was the most effective for inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (64.4–100%).”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-agent seed treatment produced the highest plant vigour index in CSH-3129, 890.9%, at 15 days.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Material
- CSH-3129e0
- Treatment
- combined seed treatment of T. asperellum (Th-11, c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g)e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- plant vigour indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 890.9%e0
- Qualifier
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The combined seed treatment of T. asperellum (Th-11, c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g) resulted in the highest plant vigour index in CSH-3129 (890.9%) and CICR-3 cultivars (393.5%) at 15 days after treatment.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-agent seed treatment produced the highest plant vigour index in CICR-3, 393.5%, at 15 days.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- CICR-3e0
- Treatment
- combined seed treatment of T. asperellum (Th-11, c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g)e0
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant vigour indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 393.5%e0
- Qualifier
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined seed treatment of T. asperellum (Th-11, c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (c.f.u. 2 × 10 8 /g) + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; 1200 IP/g) resulted in the highest plant vigour index in CSH-3129 (890.9%) and CICR-3 cultivars (393.5%) at 15 days after treatment.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90 days the three-agent treatment had the lowest disease progress curve area in CICR-3, followed by the two-agent treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- CICR-3e0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMFe0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- area under the disease progress curvee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- Ninety days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ninety days after sowing, the combined seed treatments of T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF followed by T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens showed the lowest area under the disease progress curve in CICR-3 and CSH 3129.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90 days the three-agent treatment had the lowest disease progress curve area in CSH 3129, followed by the two-agent treatment.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- CSH 3129e0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMFe0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- area under the disease progress curvee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- Ninety days after sowinge0
- Comparator
- T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ninety days after sowing, the combined seed treatments of T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF followed by T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens showed the lowest area under the disease progress curve in CICR-3 and CSH 3129.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-agent treatment reduced root rot by 51% in CICR-3 in pooled field results.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- CICR-3e0
- Treatment
- combined seed treatment with T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMFe0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root rot diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 51e0
- Qualifier
- Two-year pooled resultse0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two-year pooled results indicated that the combined seed treatment with T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF reduced the root rot disease by 51 and 57.5% in CICR-3 and CSH-3129 cultivars, respectively, under field conditions.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-agent treatment reduced root rot by 57.5% in CSH-3129 in pooled field results.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- CSH-3129e0
- Treatment
- combined seed treatment with T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMFe0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root rot diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 57.5%e0
- Qualifier
- Two-year pooled resultse0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two-year pooled results indicated that the combined seed treatment with T. asperellum (Th-11) + P. fluorescens + AMF reduced the root rot disease by 51 and 57.5% in CICR-3 and CSH-3129 cultivars, respectively, under field conditions.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest combined biocontrol application can manage root rot and wilt through 60 days and enhance cotton growth in the field.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum (Th-11) @10 g/kg + P. fluorescens @10 g/kg and AMF @20 g/kge0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum (Th-11)Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effectively manage root rot and wilt diseases up to 60 days after sowing and enhance plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- AMF @20 g/kge0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present investigation suggested that combined application of the most effective strains of T. asperellum (Th-11) @10 g/kg + P. fluorescens @10 g/kg and AMF @20 g/kg can effectively manage root rot and wilt diseases up to 60 days after sowing and enhance plant growth under field conditions.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further evaluating biocontrol rates against field pathogen inoculum load for durable effects.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- application rates of these biocontrol agents vis-à-vis load of pathogen inoculum in the field must be further evaluatede0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the application rates of these biocontrol agents vis-à-vis load of pathogen inoculum in the field must be further evaluated for improved and long-term effects.”
t0“cotton”
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