Abstract
The impact of the exogenous supplementation of hydrogen sulfide (20 and 50 µM HS) on growth, enzyme activity, chlorophyll pigments, and tolerance mechanisms was studied in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat. Salinity significantly reduced height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. However, the supplementation of HS (at both concentrations) increased these attributes and also mitigated the decline to a considerable extent. The exogenous supplementation of HS reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MG), thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the membrane stability index (MSI). Salinity stress increased H2O2, MG, and lipid peroxidation while reducing the MSI. The activity of nitrate reductase was reduced due to NaCl. However, the supplementation of HS alleviated the decline with obvious effects being seen due to 50 µM HS. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) was assayed and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased due to salt stress and the supplementation of HS further enhanced their activity. A decline in ascorbic acid due to salinity stress was alleviated due to HS treatment. HS treatment increased the endogenous concentration of HS and nitric oxide (NO) under normal conditions. However, under salinity stress, HS supplementation resulted in a reduction in HS and NO as compared to NaCl-treated plants. In addition, proline and glycine betaine increased due to HS supplementation. HS treatment reduced sodium levels, while the increase in potassium justified the beneficial role of applied HS in improving salt tolerance in wheat.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced height, fresh and dry weight
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- height, fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“Salinity significantly reduced height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced chlorophyll and carotenoids
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, and carotenoidse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“Salinity significantly reduced height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide at both concentrations increased height, fresh and dry weight, and pigments under salinity
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- supplementation of HSe2
- Outcome
- height, fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- at both concentrationse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“Salinity significantly reduced height, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoids”
e2“the supplementation of HS (at both concentrations) increased these attributes and also mitigated the decline to a considerable extent”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduced hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal accumulation in salt-stressed wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous supplementation of HSe4
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MG)e4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e4“The exogenous supplementation of HS reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MG)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduced lipid peroxidation in salt-stressed wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous supplementation of HSe4
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione5
- Direction
- reducinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e4“The exogenous supplementation of HS reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MG)”
e5“thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the membrane stability index (MSI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide increased membrane stability index in salt-stressed wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- exogenous supplementation of HSe4
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e5
- Direction
- increasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e4“The exogenous supplementation of HS reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methylglyoxal (MG)”
e5“thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the membrane stability index (MSI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress increased hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal and lipid peroxidation in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse6
- Outcome
- H2O2, MG, and lipid peroxidatione6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e6“Salinity stress increased H2O2, MG, and lipid peroxidation while reducing the MSI”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced the membrane stability index in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse6
- Outcome
- the MSIe6
- Direction
- reducinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e6“Salinity stress increased H2O2, MG, and lipid peroxidation while reducing the MSI”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl reduced nitrate reductase activity in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NaCle7
- Outcome
- activity of nitrate reductasee7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e7“The activity of nitrate reductase was reduced due to NaCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide at 50 µM alleviated the decline in nitrate reductase activity under salinity
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 50 µM HSe2
- Outcome
- activity of nitrate reductasee7
- Direction
- alleviatede2
- Comparator
- NaCle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e7“The activity of nitrate reductase was reduced due to NaCl”
e2“the supplementation of HS alleviated the decline with obvious effects being seen due to 50 µM HS”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide further enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity under salt stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the supplementation of HSe1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidasee1
- Comparator
- salt stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) was assayed and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased due to salt stress and the supplementation of HS further enhanced their activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous hydrogen sulfide further enhanced glutathione reductase activity under salt stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the supplementation of HSe1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- glutathione reductasee1
- Comparator
- salt stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) was assayed and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased due to salt stress and the supplementation of HS further enhanced their activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased reduced glutathione content in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- content of reduced glutathione (GSH)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“The activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) was assayed and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased due to salt stress and the supplementation of HS further enhanced their activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress reduced ascorbic acid in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide1
- Direction
- declinee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“A decline in ascorbic acid due to salinity stress was alleviated due to HS treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
HS treatment alleviated the ascorbic acid decline caused by salinity stress
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS treatmente1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Comparator
- salinity stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“A decline in ascorbic acid due to salinity stress was alleviated due to HS treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
HS treatment increased endogenous hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide under normal conditions
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS treatmente1
- Outcome
- endogenous concentration of HS and nitric oxide (NO)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- normal conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“HS treatment increased the endogenous concentration of HS and nitric oxide (NO) under normal conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, HS supplementation reduced HS and NO compared with NaCl-treated plants
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS supplementatione1
- Outcome
- HS and NOe1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- NaCl-treated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“under salinity stress, HS supplementation resulted in a reduction in HS and NO as compared to NaCl-treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
HS supplementation increased proline and glycine betaine in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS supplementatione1
- Outcome
- proline and glycine betainee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“In addition, proline and glycine betaine increased due to HS supplementation”
Claim · model-written summary
HS treatment reduced sodium levels in salt-stressed wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS treatmente1
- Outcome
- sodium levelse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“HS treatment reduced sodium levels, while the increase in potassium justified the beneficial role of applied HS in improving salt tolerance in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
HS treatment increased potassium in salt-stressed wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- HS treatmente1
- Outcome
- potassiume1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in salinity-stressed (100 mM NaCl) wheat”
e1“HS treatment reduced sodium levels, while the increase in potassium justified the beneficial role of applied HS in improving salt tolerance in wheat”
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