Abstract
Previous studies on M. calabura (Jamaica cherry) leaves reported the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. However, the deep research focus on the antifungal activity of Jamaica cherry leaf extract (JCLE) is still limited. Hence, the current study was conducted on JCLE samples by using various solvents, i.e., 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and 70% acetone, and then evaluating their antifungal activity. Analytical results showed that JCLE could be used as a natural antifungal potential agent against mold-causing spoilage in fruits. Specifically, the ethanolic extract had a strong inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. While the methanolic and acetonic extracts prevented sharply the growth of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium equiseti, respectively. Generally, the ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the various mold strains better than the other solvents. Furthermore, the results showed that the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of JCLE increased gradually as the concentration increased from 4000 to 40000 mg GAE/kg. The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively. In vivo experiment, the samples were treated with and without JCLE (the control sample) occuring the black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides on mango’s surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C, respectively. Whereas the TSS and TA values of both samples were similar. While the visual appearance of the control was more yellow compared to the samples treated with JCLE. In conclusion, JCLE was able to significantly delay the development of pathogenic mold, though it quite inhibited the maturation of mango fruit. Further studies may be needed to evaluate the phtychemical profile of M. calabura extract to gain a deeper understanding of its antifugal activity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract strongly inhibited Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calabura
Muntingia calaburat0 - Treatment
- ethanolic extracte1
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum gloeosporioidese1pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioidese1
- Direction
- strong inhibitione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e1“the ethanolic extract had a strong inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethanolic extract inhibited the mold strains better than the other solvents.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Treatment
- ethanolic extracte4
- Outcome
- inhibit the various mold strainse4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Comparator
- other solventse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e4“Generally, the ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the various mold strains better than the other solvents”
Claim · model-written summary
The methanolic extract sharply prevented the growth of Alternaria alternata in vitro.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Treatment
- methanolice3
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae3pathogen - Outcome
- prevented sharply the growth of Alternaria alternatae3
- Direction
- prevented sharplye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e3“the methanolic and acetonic extracts prevented sharply the growth of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium equiseti, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The acetonic extract sharply prevented the growth of Fusarium equiseti in vitro.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Treatment
- acetonice3
- Interactor
- Fusarium equisetiFusarium equisetie3pathogen
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- prevented sharplye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e3“the methanolic and acetonic extracts prevented sharply the growth of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium equiseti, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Percentage inhibition of radial growth of JCLE increased gradually as concentration rose from 4000 to 40000 mg GAE/kg.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Treatment
- 4000 to 40000 mg GAE/kge5
- Outcome
- percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of JCLEe5
- Direction
- increased graduallye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e5“the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) of JCLE increased gradually as the concentration increased from 4000 to 40000 mg GAE/kg”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest inhibition obtained for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was 53.29%.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Interactor
- C. gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidese6pathogen
- Outcome
- highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioidese6
- Value
- 53.29%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e6“The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest inhibition obtained for Alternaria alternata was 57.03%.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae6pathogen
- Outcome
- highest data obtainede6
- Value
- 57.03%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e6“The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest inhibition obtained for Fusarium equiseti was 54.81%.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Interactor
- F. equisetiFusarium equisetie6pathogen
- Outcome
- highest data obtainede6
- Value
- 54.81%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e6“The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest inhibition obtained for Lasiodiplodia theobromae was 75.03%.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Interactor
- L. theobromae
_Lasiodiplodia_theobromae_sporulating_in_fruit_lesion.jpg?width=60)
Lasiodiplodia theobromaee6pathogen - Outcome
- highest data obtainede6
- Value
- 75.03%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Lasiodiplodia_theobromae_sporulating_in_fruit_lesion.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e6“The highest data obtained for C. gloeosporioides, A. alternata, F. equiseti, and L. theobromae were 53.29%, 57.03%, 54.81%, and 75.03%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides appeared on mango surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C.
- Taxon
- mango
_from_India.jpg?width=60)
Mangifera indicae7 - Interactor
- C. gloeosporioidesColletotrichum gloeosporioidese7pathogen
- Outcome
- black spots caused by C. gloeosporioidese7
- Value
- 21 days and 30 dayse7
- Setting
- storage at 12 ± 2 °Ce7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e7“the samples were treated with and without JCLE (the control sample) occuring the black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides on mango’s surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
JCLE-treated and control mango had similar TSS and TA values.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae7
- Treatment
- JCLEe7
- Outcome
- TSS and TA valuese2
- Direction
- similare2
- Comparator
- control samplee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the samples were treated with and without JCLE (the control sample) occuring the black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides on mango’s surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C, respectively”
e2“Whereas the TSS and TA values of both samples were similar”
Claim · model-written summary
The control mango looked more yellow than the JCLE-treated samples.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae7
- Treatment
- JCLEe2
- Outcome
- visual appearancee2
- Direction
- more yellowe2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the samples were treated with and without JCLE (the control sample) occuring the black spots caused by C. gloeosporioides on mango’s surface after 21 days and 30 days of storage at 12 ± 2 °C, respectively”
e2“While the visual appearance of the control was more yellow compared to the samples treated with JCLE”
Claim · model-written summary
JCLE significantly delayed the development of pathogenic mold on mango.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae2
- Treatment
- JCLEe2
- Outcome
- development of pathogenic molde2
- Direction
- delaye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“JCLE was able to significantly delay the development of pathogenic mold, though it quite inhibited the maturation of mango fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
JCLE quite inhibited the maturation of mango fruit.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae2
- Treatment
- JCLEe2
- Outcome
- maturation of mango fruite2
- Direction
- quite inhibitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“JCLE was able to significantly delay the development of pathogenic mold, though it quite inhibited the maturation of mango fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
JCLE could be used as a natural antifungal agent against mold spoilage in fruits.
- Taxon
- Muntingia calaburaMuntingia calaburat0
- Outcome
- natural antifungal potential agent against mold-causing spoilage in fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Jamaica cherry Muntingia calabura l. leaves”
e0“Analytical results showed that JCLE could be used as a natural antifungal potential agent against mold-causing spoilage in fruits”
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See all 33 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.