Abstract
Abstract Soil salinity leading to sodium toxicity is developing into a massive challenge for agricultural productivity globally, inducing osmotic, ionic, and redox imbalances in plants. Considering the predicted increase in salinization risk with the ongoing climate change, applying plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an environmentally safe method for augmenting plant salinity tolerance. The present study examined the role of halotolerant Bacillus sp. BSE01 as a promising biostimulant for improving salt stress endurance in chickpea. Application of PGPR significantly increased the plant height, relative water content, and chlorophyll content of chickpea under both non‐stressed and salt stress conditions. The PGPR‐mediated tolerance towards salt stress was accomplished by the modulation of hormonal signaling and conservation of cellular ionic, osmotic, redox homeostasis. With salinity stress, the PGPR‐treated plants significantly increased the indole‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents more than the non‐treated plants. Furthermore, the PGPR‐inoculated plants maintained lower 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid and abscisic acid contents under salt treatment. The PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plants also exhibited a decreased NADPH oxidase activity with reduced production of reactive oxygen species compared to the non‐inoculated plants. Additionally, PGPR treatment led to increased antioxidant enzyme activities in chickpea under saline conditions, facilitating the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species detoxification, thereby limiting the nitro‐oxidative damage. Following salinity stress, enhanced K + /Na + ratio and proline content were noted in the PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plants. Therefore, Bacillus sp. BSE01, being an effective PGPR and salinity stress reducer, can further be considered to develop a bioinoculant for sustainable chickpea production under saline environments.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Application of PGPR significantly increased plant height, relative water content and chlorophyll content of chickpea under both non-stressed and salt stress conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Treatment
- Application of PGPRe1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant height, relative water content, and chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- under both non‐stressed and salt stress conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Application of PGPR significantly increased the plant height, relative water content, and chlorophyll content of chickpea under both non‐stressed and salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity stress, PGPR-treated chickpea plants significantly increased indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents more than non-treated plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR‐treated plantse1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- indole‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellic acid contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- With salinity stresse1
- Comparator
- non‐treated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e1“With salinity stress, the PGPR‐treated plants significantly increased the indole‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellic acid contents more than the non‐treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-inoculated chickpea plants maintained lower 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and abscisic acid contents under salt treatment.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- PGPR‐inoculated plantse1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid and abscisic acid contentse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- under salt treatmente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e1“the PGPR‐inoculated plants maintained lower 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid and abscisic acid contents under salt treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-inoculated chickpea plants exhibited decreased NADPH oxidase activity with reduced reactive oxygen species production compared with non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plantse1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- NADPH oxidase activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- reduced production of reactive oxygen speciese1
- Comparator
- non‐inoculated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plants also exhibited a decreased NADPH oxidase activity with reduced production of reactive oxygen species compared to the non‐inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR treatment led to increased antioxidant enzyme activities in chickpea under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PGPR treatmente1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“PGPR treatment led to increased antioxidant enzyme activities in chickpea under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced K+/Na+ ratio and proline content were noted in PGPR-inoculated chickpea plants following salinity stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plantse1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratio and proline contente1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“enhanced K + /Na + ratio and proline content were noted in the PGPR‐inoculated chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-mediated tolerance towards salt stress was accomplished by modulation of hormonal signaling and conservation of cellular ionic, osmotic and redox homeostasis.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- tolerance towards salt stresse1
- Qualifier
- modulation of hormonal signaling and conservation of cellular ionic, osmotic, redox homeostasise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“chickpea”
e1“The PGPR‐mediated tolerance towards salt stress was accomplished by the modulation of hormonal signaling and conservation of cellular ionic, osmotic, redox homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus sp. BSE01 can be considered for developing a bioinoculant for sustainable chickpea production under saline environments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp. BSE01Bacillus sp. BSE01e1symbiont
- Outcome
- bioinoculant for sustainable chickpea production under saline environmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bacillus sp. BSE01, being an effective PGPR and salinity stress reducer, can further be considered to develop a bioinoculant for sustainable chickpea production under saline environments”
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