Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and biochar amendment has been reported to improve growth of several crop plants however their role in stress amelioration individually as well as in combination has not been worked out. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of AMF and biochar on the performance of chickpea under drought stress. The treatments included the individual as well as combined treatment of AMF and biochar to drought stressed and normal chickpea plants. Plants inoculation improved growth in terms of shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branches which was observed to show a steep decline due to drought stress. Drought declined the AMF colonization potential though biochar amendment ameliorated the negative effects of drought significantly by improving the spore population, number of mycelium, vesicle and arbuscules and the percentage of colonization as well. Increased chlorophyll synthesis in biochar and AMF treated plants was obvious, which lead to significant enhancement in the net photosynthetic efficiency. Drought stress also declined the relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI), while treatment of biochar and AMF either individually or in combination mitigated the deleterious effects to considerable extent and caused a significant enhancement in RWC and MSI under normal conditions. Amendments with biochar and AMF inoculation increased the nitrogen fixation attributes including the number and weight of nodules, leghemoglobin content and activity of nitrate reductase enzyme leading to greater uptake and assimilation of nitrogen in them when compared to drought stressed plants. Drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous which was ameliorated by biochar and AMF treatments. It could be suggested that increase in growth and physiological attributes in chickpea due to biochar amendments and AMF inoculation under drought stress were plausibly due to their involvement in nitrogen and phosphorous uptake, chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation improved shoot and root length, leaf area, and branch number.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- Plants inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branchese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants inoculation improved growth in terms of shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branches”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced shoot and root length, leaf area, and branch number.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branchese0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot and root length, leaf area and number of branches which was observed to show a steep decline due to drought stress”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced AMF colonization potential.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonization potentiale0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought declined the AMF colonization potential”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar ameliorated drought effects by improving AMF spore population, mycelium, vesicles and arbuscules.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit1symbiont
- Outcome
- spore population, number of mycelium, vesicle and arbusculese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment ameliorated the negative effects of drought significantly by improving the spore population, number of mycelium, vesicle and arbuscules”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved AMF colonization percentage under drought.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungit1symbiont
- Outcome
- percentage of colonizatione0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendment ameliorated the negative effects of drought significantly by improving the spore population, number of mycelium, vesicle and arbuscules and the percentage of colonization as well”
t0“chickpea”
t1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF treatment increased chlorophyll synthesis.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll synthesise0
- Direction
- Increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased chlorophyll synthesis in biochar and AMF treated plants was obvious”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF treatment significantly enhanced net photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased chlorophyll synthesis in biochar and AMF treated plants was obvious, which lead to significant enhancement in the net photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced relative water content and membrane stability index.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Drought stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI)e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stress also declined the relative water content (RWC) and membrane stability index (MSI)”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF, separately or together, mitigated drought effects on relative water content and membrane stability index.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMF either individually or in combinatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- RWC and MSIe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Qualifier
- under normal conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatment of biochar and AMF either individually or in combination mitigated the deleterious effects to considerable extent and caused a significant enhancement in RWC and MSI under normal conditions”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF increased nodule number and weight.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number and weight of nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amendments with biochar and AMF inoculation increased the nitrogen fixation attributes including the number and weight of nodules”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF increased leghemoglobin content and nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leghemoglobin content and activity of nitrate reductase enzymee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amendments with biochar and AMF inoculation increased the nitrogen fixation attributes including the number and weight of nodules, leghemoglobin content and activity of nitrate reductase enzyme”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF increased nitrogen uptake and assimilation relative to drought-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake and assimilation of nitrogene0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- drought stressed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to greater uptake and assimilation of nitrogen in them when compared to drought stressed plants”
e1“Amendments with biochar and AMF inoculation increased the nitrogen fixation attributes including the number and weight of nodules”
t0“chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced chickpea uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen and phosphorouse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AMF ameliorated drought-related reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus uptake.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- biochar and AMF treatmentse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen and phosphorouse0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous which was ameliorated by biochar and AMF treatments”
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See all 21 papers →8 of 19 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.