Abstract
Abstract The coordination/trade‐off among below‐ground strategies for phosphorus (P) acquisition, including root morphology, carboxylate exudation and colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), is not well understood. This is the first study investigating the relationships between root nodulation, morphology, carboxylates and colonisation by an indigenous community of AMF under varying P levels and source. Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment. Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates. However, the role of AMF in acquiring P differed between the two P sources, with the enhanced P acquisition under FeP while not under KP. Co‐inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation under FeP, but not under KP. Our results suggest that the effects of AMF on shoot branching were mediated by cytokinins as the reduced shoot branching in FeP40 and KP40 under +AMF relative to −AMF coincided with a decreased concentration of cytokinins in xylem sap for both genotypes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inhibited shoot growth of chickpea under both FeP and KP.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Material
- Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylatese1
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe2
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Qualifier
- Under both FeP and KPe2
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
- Setting
- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e2“Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inhibited shoot branching of chickpea under both FeP and KP.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylatese1
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe2
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot branchinge2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Qualifier
- Under both FeP and KPe2
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
- Setting
- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e2“Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF decreased total root length and specific root length of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe2
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- total root length and specific root lengthe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e2“Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased mean root diameter and root tissue density of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe2
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- mean root diameter and root tissue densitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e2“Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced carboxylates of chickpea.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- presence of AMFe2
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- carboxylatese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e2“Under both FeP and KP, the presence of AMF inhibited shoot growth and shoot branching, decreased total root length and specific root length, increased mean root diameter and root tissue density and reduced carboxylates”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhanced P acquisition of chickpea under FeP.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- P acquisitione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- under FePe3
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e3“the role of AMF in acquiring P differed between the two P sources, with the enhanced P acquisition under FeP while not under KP”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF did not enhance P acquisition of chickpea under KP.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- P acquisitione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- not under KPe3
- Comparator
- without AMFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e3“the role of AMF in acquiring P differed between the two P sources, with the enhanced P acquisition under FeP while not under KP”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation of chickpea under FeP.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Co‐inoculation of AMF and rhizobiae4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Second interactor
- rhizobiae4symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulatione4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- under FePe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e4“Co‐inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation under FeP, but not under KP”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation of AMF and rhizobia did not enhance nodulation of chickpea under KP.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Co‐inoculation of AMF and rhizobiae4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Second interactor
- rhizobiae4symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulatione4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- not under KPe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e4“Co‐inoculation of AMF and rhizobia enhanced nodulation under FeP, but not under KP”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret that the effect of AMF on shoot branching is mediated by cytokinins.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- AMFe5
- Compound
- cytokininse5
- Outcome
- shoot branchinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e5“the effects of AMF on shoot branching were mediated by cytokinins”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinin concentration in xylem sap was lower under AMF than without AMF in both genotypes, coinciding with reduced shoot branching.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Compound
- cytokininse6
- Outcome
- concentration of cytokinins in xylem sape6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- −AMFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Two chickpea genotypes with contrasting amounts of rhizosheath carboxylates were grown in pots at six P levels (from 0 to 160 μg g −1 ) as KH 2 PO 4 (KP, highly soluble) or FePO 4 (FeP, sparingly soluble), with or without AMF (±AMF) treatment”
e6“the reduced shoot branching in FeP40 and KP40 under +AMF relative to −AMF coincided with a decreased concentration of cytokinins in xylem sap for both genotypes”
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