Abstract
The compatibility of dual inoculation of Glomus species and Bradyrhizobium strains was determined in relation to the time of inoculation and light intensity. The effects of simultaneous or sequential inoculation of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae or Glomus fasciculatum and two Bradyrhizobium strains (Br 185 or Br 192) on the growth and nutrient uptake by Cicer arietinum were evaluated. Plant development depended on the particular combination of Bradyrhizobium strain and Glomus species. Symbiotic efficiency was also influenced by the relative time of inoculation of the endophytes involved. Prior inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus was usually the most effective. Colonization by mycorrhizal fungi was negatively affected when fungi were applied to the seedlings after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium. Nodule number, however, was not increased by prior inoculation with bradyrhizobia. A crucial factor determining the lack of successful nodulation by Br 192 in plants colonized by G. fasciculatum ( the most infective AM endophyte) was found to be a low level of photosynthetic activity. Symbiotic efficiency (plant growth and nutrition) also decreased when the photosynthetic capability of the plants was not sufficient to respond to the demand of the endophytes regarding G. fasciculatum, which was not the case with G. mosseae treatments. Reduction of light intensity to 81.3 µE s-1m-2 (PAR), particularly affected plants colonized by G. fasciculatum as determined by the total sugar content of root extracts. Nearly stressed levels showed higher competitive ability of Glomus species than those of Bradyrhizobium strains, the most sensitive microsymbiont to plant colonization under these limited C resources. Glomus species were less affected and extensive AM colonization reduced the spread of nodulation. The fact that G. mosseae can maintain its activity under stressed light conditions is important in relation to the selection of AM endophytes to be used with leguminous plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea development depended on the combination of Bradyrhizobium strain and Glomus species.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinum
Cicer arietinumt0 - Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- Plant developmente0
GlomusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant development depended on the particular combination of Bradyrhizobium strain and Glomus species.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative inoculation time influenced chickpea symbiotic efficiency.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- relative time of inoculatione0
- Outcome
- Symbiotic efficiencye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiotic efficiency was also influenced by the relative time of inoculation of the endophytes involved.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior fungal inoculation was usually most effective.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Prior inoculation with the mycorrhizal funguse0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prior inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus was usually the most effective.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal inoculation after Bradyrhizobium negatively affected mycorrhizal colonization.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fungi were applied to the seedlings after inoculation with Bradyrhizobiume0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizal fungie0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- Colonization by mycorrhizal fungie0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Colonization by mycorrhizal fungi was negatively affected when fungi were applied to the seedlings after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior bradyrhizobial inoculation did not increase nodule number.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- prior inoculation with bradyrhizobiae0
- Interactor
- bradyrhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nodule numbere0
- Direction
- not increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule number, however, was not increased by prior inoculation with bradyrhizobia.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Low photosynthetic activity was implicated in failed Br 192 nodulation in plants colonized by G. fasciculatum.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- Br 192e0symbiont
- Second interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- lack of successful nodulation by Br 192e0
- Qualifier
- low level of photosynthetic activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A crucial factor determining the lack of successful nodulation by Br 192 in plants colonized by G. fasciculatum ( the most infective AM endophyte) was found to be a low level of photosynthetic activity.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Insufficient photosynthetic capacity reduced growth and nutrition in G. fasciculatum-colonized plants.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- Symbiotic efficiency (plant growth and nutrition)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- photosynthetic capability of the plants was not sufficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Symbiotic efficiency (plant growth and nutrition) also decreased when the photosynthetic capability of the plants was not sufficient to respond to the demand of the endophytes regarding G. fasciculatum”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
The same reduction was not found with G. mosseae treatment.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- not the casee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was not the case with G. mosseae treatments.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced light particularly affected sugar content in G. fasciculatum-colonized roots.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Reduction of light intensity to 81.3 µE s-1m-2 (PAR)e0
- Interactor
- G. fasciculatumRhizophagus fasciculatuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- total sugar content of root extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduction of light intensity to 81.3 µE s-1m-2 (PAR), particularly affected plants colonized by G. fasciculatum as determined by the total sugar content of root extracts.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under nearly stressed conditions, Glomus species had higher competitive ability than Bradyrhizobium strains.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Second interactor
- Bradyrhizobium strainse0symbiont
- Outcome
- competitive ability of Glomus speciese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Bradyrhizobium strainse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nearly stressed levels showed higher competitive ability of Glomus species than those of Bradyrhizobium strains”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
Extensive mycorrhizal colonization reduced nodulation spread.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- AMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- spread of nodulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extensive AM colonization reduced the spread of nodulation.”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
Claim · model-written summary
G. mosseae maintained activity under stressed light conditions.
- Taxon
- Cicer arietinumCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- G. mosseae can maintain its activitye0
- Qualifier
- stressed light conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. mosseae can maintain its activity under stressed light conditions”
t0“Cicer arietinum”
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