Abstract
Cocoa trees are highly sensitive to water stress but these negative effects may differ genetically and may be mitigated by potassium (K) application. We studied these effects on six-year-old adult trees, five genotypes produced by somatic-embryogenesis, and one by cross pollination (Hybrid), grown under sub-optimal field conditions in central Côte d'Ivoire. Trees were subjected to two soil water treatments (with or without dry season irrigation) and two K fertilization levels (with and without K). We assessed interactive effects of treatments on several leaf and crown traits: sap flux density (SF), leaf water potential (LWP), stomatal conductance (Gs), leaf size (LS), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf water content (LWC), leaf area index (LAI), light interception, litterfall and a visual index of whole-plant water stress (WSI). Mixed-effects model results revealed that withholding irrigation negatively affected SF, LWP, Gs, LS, SLA, LAI and light capture and increased WSI scores. Potassium application did not significantly mitigate the negative effects of withholding irrigation. A significant effect of genotype was observed for most of the monitored leaf physiological, morphological and crown traits. Furthermore, we found significant, positive interactions between genotype and irrigation for SF, LWP, leaf area, LS, SLA, LWC, LAI and intercepted light, suggesting that the differences in observed responses to drought conditions are genotype-specific. These results provide insights into the acclimation strategies of cocoa and genetic variation therein, and can be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding dry-season irrigation negatively affected sap flux density, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoa
Theobroma cacaot0 - Treatment
- withholding irrigatione1
- Outcome
- SF, LWP, Gse1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
- Comparator
- dry season irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“withholding irrigation negatively affected SF, LWP, Gs, LS, SLA, LAI and light capture”
e2“with or without dry season irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding dry-season irrigation negatively affected leaf size, specific leaf area and leaf area index in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- withholding irrigatione1
- Outcome
- LS, SLA, LAIe1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
- Comparator
- dry season irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“withholding irrigation negatively affected SF, LWP, Gs, LS, SLA, LAI and light capture”
e2“with or without dry season irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding dry-season irrigation negatively affected light capture in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- withholding irrigatione1
- Outcome
- light capturee1
- Direction
- negatively affectede1
- Comparator
- dry season irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“withholding irrigation negatively affected SF, LWP, Gs, LS, SLA, LAI and light capture”
e2“with or without dry season irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Withholding dry-season irrigation increased the visual whole-plant water stress index scores in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- withholding irrigatione1
- Outcome
- WSI scorese1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- dry season irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“withholding irrigation negatively affected SF, LWP, Gs, LS, SLA, LAI and light capture and increased WSI scores”
e2“with or without dry season irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium application did not significantly mitigate the negative effects of withholding irrigation in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Treatment
- Potassium applicatione1
- Outcome
- negative effects of withholding irrigatione1
- Direction
- did not significantly mitigatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“Potassium application did not significantly mitigate the negative effects of withholding irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype had a significant effect on most monitored leaf physiological, morphological and crown traits in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- genotypee1
- Outcome
- leaf physiological, morphological and crown traitse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“A significant effect of genotype was observed for most of the monitored leaf physiological, morphological and crown traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant positive genotype x irrigation interactions were found for sap flux density, leaf water potential and leaf area in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- genotypee1
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- SF, LWP, leaf areae1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“significant, positive interactions between genotype and irrigation for SF, LWP, leaf area, LS, SLA, LWC, LAI and intercepted light”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant positive genotype x irrigation interactions were found for leaf size, specific leaf area and leaf water content in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- genotypee1
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- LS, SLA, LWCe1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“significant, positive interactions between genotype and irrigation for SF, LWP, leaf area, LS, SLA, LWC, LAI and intercepted light”
Claim · model-written summary
Significant positive genotype x irrigation interactions were found for leaf area index and intercepted light in cocoa.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Material
- genotypee1
- Treatment
- irrigatione1
- Outcome
- LAI and intercepted lighte1
- Direction
- positivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“significant, positive interactions between genotype and irrigation for SF, LWP, leaf area, LS, SLA, LWC, LAI and intercepted light”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state the results can be used to select drought-tolerant cocoa genotypes.
- Taxon
- cocoaTheobroma cacaot0
- Outcome
- select drought-tolerant genotypese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cocoa”
e1“can be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes”
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