Abstract
Abstract The effect of urea-loaded cellulose hydrogel, a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) on growth and yield of upland rice were investigated in upland rice. As with the initial research, nitrogen (N) treatments were applied as CRF treatments; T2H (30 kg N ha −1 ), T3H (60 kg N ha −1 ), T4H (90 kg N ha −1 ), T5H (120 kg N ha −1 ) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) at 120 kg N ha −1 RDF (T6U) in split application and T1 (0 N) as control. Results from this study indicated that applying CRF at the optimum N rate, T4H resulted in maximum grain yield, increasing by 71%. The analysis of yield components revealed that higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle. Maximum grain N uptake of 0.25 g kg −1 was also observed in T4H CRF. In addition, T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Application of T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg −1 , respectively. Observations show that CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H) in soil improved grain yield when compared to CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers’ conventional split application. This suggested that CRF with a moderate N application might produce the highest potential yield and improved N efficiencies while enhancing crop production and further increase in N supply did not increase yield and N efficiencies. The results suggest that the application of T4H CRF for upland rice would enhance HI, N efficiencies and improve the yield of upland rice. Also, all growth parameters and yield were positively influenced by the application of CRF as a basal dose compared to split application of conventional urea fertilizers.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
T4H controlled-release fertilizer gave maximum grain yield, increasing it by 71%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying CRF at the optimum N rate, T4H resulted in maximum grain yield, increasing by 71%”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher grain yield under T4H was associated with increased panicle number.
- Taxon
- upland rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- panicle numbere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher grain yield under T4H was associated with more grains per panicle.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- number of grains per paniclee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher grain yield in T4H CRF was associated with an increase in panicle number and number of grains per panicle”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF gave maximum grain nitrogen uptake of 0.25 g kg −1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- grain N uptakee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Value
- 0.25 g kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum grain N uptake of 0.25 g kg −1 was also observed in T4H CRF”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF gave the highest harvest index at 45.5%.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- harvest index (HI)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 45.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF gave the highest nitrogen harvest index at 67.9%.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- N harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 67.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4H CRF recorded the highest harvest index (HI) and N harvest index (NHI) of 45.5% and 67.9%, respectively”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF gave the highest nitrogen use efficiency at 52.6%.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- N use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg −1 , respectively”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF gave the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency at 12.8 kg kg −1.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- N agronomic efficiency (NAE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.8 kg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4H CRF also recorded the highest N use efficiency (NUE) and N agronomic efficiency (NAE), 52.6% and 12.8 kg kg −1 , respectively”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
T4H CRF with 75% nitrogen improved grain yield relative to CRF with 100% nitrogen and conventional split fertilizer.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers’ conventional split applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CRF with only 75% N applied (T4H) in soil improved grain yield when compared to CRF with 100% N and 100% RDF in farmers’ conventional split application”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Further nitrogen supply did not increase yield and nitrogen efficiencies.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- further increase in N supplye0
- Outcome
- yield and N efficienciese0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further increase in N supply did not increase yield and N efficiencies”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal CRF positively influenced growth parameters and yield compared with split urea fertilizer.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of CRF as a basal dosee0
- Outcome
- growth parameters and yielde0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Comparator
- split application of conventional urea fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all growth parameters and yield were positively influenced by the application of CRF as a basal dose compared to split application of conventional urea fertilizers”
t0“upland rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend T4H CRF for improved harvest index, nitrogen efficiencies and yield of upland rice.
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- T4H CRFe0
- Outcome
- application of T4H CRFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of T4H CRF for upland rice would enhance HI, N efficiencies and improve the yield of upland rice”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
201 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
216 papers more in this group
See all 220 papers →fertilization · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
931 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
989 papers more in this group
See all 993 papers →nitrogen · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
241 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1,803 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2,041 papers more in this group
See all 2,045 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.