Abstract
The chemical composition, insect antifeedant, in vtro/in vivo nematicidal activity, phytotoxicity, and in silico nematicidal activity of the essential oil (EO) of the African medicinal plant Drypetes gossweileri were studied. Chemical analysis using GC/MS indicated that benzyl isothiocyanate (96.23%) was the major compound, followed by benzyl cyanide (1.38%). The biocidal effects of this oil were tested against insect pests and root-knot nematodes. All the insect species tested were significantly affected by the oil according to their feeding adaptations ( Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae were less affected than Rhopalosiphum padi ) with efficient doses (EC 50 ) of 29.4 8.3 μg/cm 2 , 14.744 8.3 μg/cm 2 , and 8.3 μg/cm 2 , respectively. The oil was highly effective against juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica , with LC 50 –LC 90 values of 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mL. D. gossweileri EO at minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and below strongly inhibited egg hatching in vitro , whereas soil treatment caused a strong suppression of nematode population, infection frequency, and multiplication rate. The EO inhibited ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) germination at 0.4 mg/mL, while at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively). The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) germination was not affected by the EO, but the root growth was reduced (56% at 0.1 mg/mL) at a dose 10 times higher than the LD 50 calculated for M. javanica J2 mortality. Molecular docking of the nematicidal effects of the oil using PyRx revealed a strong interaction between potassium chloride transporting KCC3 (PDB ID: 7D90) and benzyl cyanide at a distance of 2.20 A° with GLN C:350, followed by benzyl isothiocyanate at a distance of 2.78 A° with ARG B:294. The in vivo nematicidal effects of D. gossweileri EO on M. javanica penetration and reproduction in tomato roots further support the potential of this EO as a nematicidal agent with insect antifeedant effects, which could be used by local farmers for crop protection.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyl isothiocyanate comprised 96.23% of the essential oil.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Outcome
- benzyl isothiocyanatee0
- Direction
- majore0
- Value
- 96.23%e0
Verbatim
e0“benzyl isothiocyanate (96.23%) was the major compound”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzyl cyanide comprised 1.38% of the essential oil.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Outcome
- benzyl cyanidee0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 1.38%e0
Verbatim
e0“followed by benzyl cyanide (1.38%)”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil significantly affected feeding of Spodoptera littoralis, with an EC50 of 29.4 8.3 μg/cm 2.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Treatment
- the oile0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera littoralis
Spodoptera littoralise0pest - Outcome
- Spodoptera littoralise0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Value
- 29.4 8.3 μg/cm 2e0
- Comparator
- Rhopalosiphum padie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All the insect species tested were significantly affected by the oil according to their feeding adaptations ( Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae were less affected than Rhopalosiphum padi ) with efficient doses (EC 50 ) of 29.4 8.3 μg/cm 2 , 14.744 8.3 μg/cm 2 , and 8.3 μg/cm 2 , respectively”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil significantly affected feeding of Myzus persicae, less than Rhopalosiphum padi.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Interactor
- Myzus persicae
Myzus persicaee0pest - Outcome
- Myzus persicaee0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Comparator
- Rhopalosiphum padie0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae were less affected than Rhopalosiphum padi”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil was effective against Meloidogyne javanica juveniles, with LC50–LC90 of 0.007–0.0113 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Treatment
- The oile0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pest
- Outcome
- juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanicae0
- Direction
- highly effectivee0
- Value
- 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mLe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The oil was highly effective against juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica , with LC 50 –LC 90 values of 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mL”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil inhibited Meloidogyne javanica egg hatching in vitro.
- Taxon
- D. gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerie0
- Treatment
- D. gossweileri EO at minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and belowe0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae1pest
- Outcome
- egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- strongly inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“D. gossweileri EO at minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and below strongly inhibited egg hatching in vitro”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
e1“The oil was highly effective against juveniles J2 of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica , with LC 50 –LC 90 values of 0.007 mg/mL–0.0113 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil treatment suppressed nematode population, infection frequency and multiplication rate.
- Taxon
- Drypetes gossweileriDrypetes gossweilerit0
- Treatment
- soil treatmente0
- Outcome
- nematode population, infection frequency, and multiplication ratee0
- Direction
- strong suppressione0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Verbatim
e0“soil treatment caused a strong suppression of nematode population, infection frequency, and multiplication rate”
t0“Drypetes gossweileri”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.4 mg/mL, the oil inhibited ryegrass germination.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne
Lolium perennee0 - Treatment
- The EOe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 0.4 mg/mLe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The EO inhibited ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) germination at 0.4 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.1 mg/mL, the oil moderately affected ryegrass germination, root growth and leaf growth.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenneLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mg/mLe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- moderatee0
- Value
- 32.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively)”
t0“ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.1 mg/mL, the oil moderately affected ryegrass root growth by 8.4%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively)”
t0“ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
Claim · model-written summary
At 0.1 mg/mL, the oil moderately affected ryegrass leaf growth by 18.3%.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenneLolium perennet0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mg/mLe0
- Outcome
- leaf growthe0
- Direction
- moderatee0
- Value
- 18.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 0.1 mg/mL, its effects on germination, root and leaf growth were moderate (32.4%, 8.4%, and 18.3%, respectively)”
t0“ryegrass ( Lolium perenne )”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato germination was unaffected by the oil.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- EOe0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) germination was not affected by the EO”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil reduced tomato root growth by 56% at 0.1 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.1 mg/mLe0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root growth was reduced (56% at 0.1 mg/mL)”
t0“The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The oil suppressed Meloidogyne javanica penetration and reproduction in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- D. gossweileri EOe0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pest
- Outcome
- M. javanica penetration and reproductione0
- Direction
- nematicidal effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The in vivo nematicidal effects of D. gossweileri EO on M. javanica penetration and reproduction in tomato roots further support the potential of this EO as a nematicidal agent”
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