Abstract
Weeds are considered one of the most serious problems limiting global agricultural production. As a result, chemical herbicides have been extensively used for weed control. However, overuse of synthetic herbicides, has resulted in public concerns over the effect of herbicides on the health of the ecosystems and humans. In the food system, innovative approaches are needed to foster sustainable practices that preserve biodiversity, conserve habitats, and mitigate climate change factors. Thus, alternatives are required to control the weeds. This study aimed to determine the impact of some wild plants’ ( Citrullus colocynthis , Euphorbia retusa, Retama raetam, Artemisia monosperma, Tamarix gallica , and Artemisia judaica ) allelopathic potentials (at rates of 0, 15, 25, 35, and 50 g/L) on seed germination of selected local weeds ( Portulaca oleracea , Amaranthus retroflexus , and Chloris barbata ) collected from different locations in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia. GC-MS analysis was used to evaluated the main compounds in the wild plants under study. The experimental design was completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. According to the results, phytochemical screening of the wild plants using GC-MS analysis showed a wide range of phytochemicals. Amaranthus retroflexus exhibited the highest germination rate in the control group. In addition, applying 5 g/L and 20 g/L of Citrullus colocynthis extracts had no discernible effect on the rate of germination of A. retroflexus seed; however, they were able to reduce the germination rate as compared to the control. As the extract concentration of Artemisia monosperma rose to 20 g/L, the germination rate of A. retroflexus dropped. Neither 35 g L-1 nor 50 g L-1 of A. monosperma extract inhibited the germinate of A. retroflexus . The germination rate of Portulaca oleracea decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis . The extract of C. colocynthis at 50 g/L had the lowest rate. The germination rate of Chloris barbata decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis . The highest germination rate of C. barbata was observed in control, followed by 5g/L, while no germination was observed at 20, 35, and 50 g/L of C. colocynthis extracts. A. retroflexus’s root length shrank when the extract concentration of C. colocynthis rose. A. retroflexus’s control sample had the most extended root length, followed by 5 and 20 g/L, respectively. C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/L showed no root elongation as this treatment inhibited radicle protrusion. High concentration of d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentane in C. colocynthis aqueous extract may be the cause of C. colocynthis’ ability to inhibit Chloris barbata germination. The entire C. barbata plant length decreased when treated with 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extract. No growth was seen at any of the higher C. colocynthis concentrations (20, 35, and 50 g/L). The present work revealed that cultivating allelopathic crops like the selected studied wild plants from the Tabuk region has a promising future as an antagonistic species in a biological weed control program or combined with integrated weed management in agricultural food production.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS screening found a wide range of phytochemicals in the wild plants.
Verbatim
e0“phytochemical screening of the wild plants using GC-MS analysis showed a wide range of phytochemicals”
Claim · model-written summary
Amaranthus retroflexus had the highest germination rate in the control group.
- Taxon
- Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexuse0 - Outcome
- germination ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amaranthus retroflexus exhibited the highest germination rate in the control group”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrullus colocynthis extracts at 5 and 20 g/L reduced A. retroflexus seed germination relative to control, though the authors called the effect not discernible.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- 5 g/L and 20 g/L of Citrullus colocynthis extractse0
- Interactor
- Citrullus colocynthis
Citrullus colocynthise0weed - Outcome
- rate of germination of A. retroflexus seede0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- no discernible effecte0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying 5 g/L and 20 g/L of Citrullus colocynthis extracts had no discernible effect on the rate of germination of A. retroflexus seed; however, they were able to reduce the germination rate as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Artemisia monosperma extract to 20 g/L lowered A. retroflexus germination.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- extract concentration of Artemisia monosperma rose to 20 g/Le0
- Interactor
- Artemisia monosperma
Artemisia monospermae0weed - Outcome
- germination rate of A. retroflexuse0
- Direction
- droppede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the extract concentration of Artemisia monosperma rose to 20 g/L, the germination rate of A. retroflexus dropped”
Claim · model-written summary
Artemisia monosperma extracts at 35 and 50 g L-1 did not inhibit A. retroflexus germination.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- 35 g L-1 nor 50 g L-1 of A. monosperma extracte0
- Interactor
- A. monospermaArtemisia monospermae0weed
- Outcome
- germinate of A. retroflexuse0
- Direction
- Neithere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Neither 35 g L-1 nor 50 g L-1 of A. monosperma extract inhibited the germinate of A. retroflexus”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher C. colocynthis extract concentration reduced Portulaca oleracea germination.
- Taxon
- Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleraceae0 - Treatment
- increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- germination rate of Portulaca oleraceae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination rate of Portulaca oleracea decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis”
Claim · model-written summary
Portulaca oleracea germination was lowest at 50 g/L C. colocynthis extract.
- Taxon
- Portulaca oleraceaPortulaca oleraceae1
- Treatment
- C. colocynthis at 50 g/Le0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- lowest ratee0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extract of C. colocynthis at 50 g/L had the lowest rate”
e1“The germination rate of Portulaca oleracea decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher C. colocynthis extract concentration reduced Chloris barbata germination.
- Taxon
- Chloris barbata
Chloris barbatae0 - Treatment
- increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- germination rate of Chloris barbatae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination rate of Chloris barbata decreased with increasing extract concentration of C. colocynthis”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloris barbata germinated most in control, then at 5g/L extract, with none at 20, 35, or 50 g/L.
- Taxon
- C. barbataChloris barbatae0
- Treatment
- 20, 35, and 50 g/L of C. colocynthis extractse0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- no germinatione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest germination rate of C. barbata was observed in control, followed by 5g/L, while no germination was observed at 20, 35, and 50 g/L of C. colocynthis extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
A. retroflexus root length declined with increasing C. colocynthis extract.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- extract concentration of C. colocynthise0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- A. retroflexus’s root lengthe0
- Direction
- shranke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. retroflexus’s root length shrank when the extract concentration of C. colocynthis rose”
Claim · model-written summary
A. retroflexus roots were longest in control, followed by 5 and 20 g/L extract.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse0
- Treatment
- 5 and 20 g/Le0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- most extendede0
- Comparator
- control samplee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. retroflexus’s control sample had the most extended root length, followed by 5 and 20 g/L, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/L prevented A. retroflexus root elongation and radicle protrusion.
- Taxon
- A. retroflexusAmaranthus retroflexuse1
- Treatment
- C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/Le0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- no root elongatione0
- Qualifier
- inhibited radicle protrusione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. colocynthis at 35 and 50 g/L showed no root elongation as this treatment inhibited radicle protrusion”
e1“A. retroflexus’s root length shrank when the extract concentration of C. colocynthis rose”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentane as possible causes of C. colocynthis inhibition of Chloris barbata germination.
- Taxon
- Chloris barbataChloris barbatae0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Compound
- d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentanee0
- Outcome
- inhibit Chloris barbata germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High concentration of d-Glycero-d-galacto-heptose and pentane in C. colocynthis aqueous extract may be the cause of C. colocynthis’ ability to inhibit Chloris barbata germination”
Claim · model-written summary
C. barbata whole-plant length declined at 5 g/L C. colocynthis extract.
- Taxon
- C. barbataChloris barbatae0
- Treatment
- 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extracte0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- entire C. barbata plant lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The entire C. barbata plant length decreased when treated with 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extract”
Claim · model-written summary
No C. barbata growth occurred at 20, 35, and 50 g/L C. colocynthis extract.
- Taxon
- C. barbataChloris barbatae1
- Treatment
- higher C. colocynthis concentrations (20, 35, and 50 g/L)e0
- Interactor
- C. colocynthisCitrullus colocynthise0weed
- Outcome
- No growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No growth was seen at any of the higher C. colocynthis concentrations (20, 35, and 50 g/L)”
e1“The entire C. barbata plant length decreased when treated with 5 g/L of C. colocynthis extract”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · growth · Portulaca oleraceaPositive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
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See all 20 papers →botanical · growth · Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot amaranth)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →botanical · growth · Chloris barbataResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.