Abstract
Reducing nitrogen (N) losses can be accomplished by applying recommended N rates and using nitrification inhibitors (NI). In some agricultural systems, managing N application rate or using a NI could improve N use efficiency and increase crop yields. The objectives of this 13 site-year study were to determine the agronomic optimum N rate (AONR) application rate using linear plateau and quadratic plateau models, determine the optimum pronitridine rate when applied with 70 % of the recommended N amount, and evaluate the effect of nitrapyrin and pronitridine on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. In this experiment, pronitridine and nitrapyrin were used as NIs and were applied in the fall and spring. This research was conducted in the US in Illinois (IL), Missouri (MO), and Nebraska (NE) from 2016 to 2019. The AONR varied from 176 to 291 kg ha-1 in different site-years. The optimal pronitridine rate was predicted using the generalized additive model (GAM) for each site. A pronitridine rate of 5.6 g kg-1 N and 8.2 g kg-1 N was recommended for well drained (NE) and poorly drained (MO and IL) sites, respectively. The pronitridine application at an average rate of 5.6 g kg-1 N increased corn grain yield 4 % compared to the non-treated control. Economic analysis showed an increase in gross margin returns of 32–67 $ ha-1 in poorly drained soils (MO & IL) when applied at 8 g kg-1 with fall and spring N application. Whereas 10–30 $ ha-1 higher gross margins were observed in well-drained soils (NE) with an application of 4 g kg-1 of pronitridine for fall and spring application timings. The differences in AONR and pronitridine rate prediction observed in this study emphasize the variability caused by factors such as the soil, environment, and their interaction with the N cycle. When we evaluated pronitridine and nitrapyrin with all site years combined, no differences between the two NIs were observed in terms of corn yield production. Our findings are the first to quantify corn yield response for pronitridine applications at different locations and multiple rates in the Midwest U.S. The results of this study highlight the optimum pronitridine optimum rate for improved corn yield in poorly drained and well-drained soils in the Midwest U.S. Profitability of pronitridine can be improved by applying an optimum rate based on N requirements and soil conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic optimum nitrogen rates varied from 176 to 291 kg ha-1 among site-years.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0t0 - Outcome
- AONRe0
- Value
- 176 to 291 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AONR varied from 176 to 291 kg ha-1 in different site-years”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended pronitridine rate was 5.6 g kg-1 N at well-drained Nebraska sites.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Outcome
- pronitridine ratee0
- Value
- 5.6 g kg-1 Ne0
- Setting
- well drained (NE)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pronitridine rate of 5.6 g kg-1 N and 8.2 g kg-1 N was recommended for well drained (NE) and poorly drained (MO and IL) sites, respectively”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended pronitridine rate was 8.2 g kg-1 N at poorly drained Missouri and Illinois sites.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Outcome
- pronitridine ratee0
- Value
- 8.2 g kg-1 Ne0
- Setting
- poorly drained (MO and IL)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pronitridine rate of 5.6 g kg-1 N and 8.2 g kg-1 N was recommended for well drained (NE) and poorly drained (MO and IL) sites, respectively”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronitridine at 5.6 g kg-1 N increased corn grain yield 4% against untreated controls.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Treatment
- pronitridine application at an average rate of 5.6 g kg-1 Ne0
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4 %e0
- Comparator
- non-treated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pronitridine application at an average rate of 5.6 g kg-1 N increased corn grain yield 4 % compared to the non-treated control”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronitridine at 8 g kg-1 increased gross margin by 32–67 $ ha-1 in poorly drained Missouri and Illinois soils.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Treatment
- 8 g kg-1 with fall and spring N applicatione0
- Outcome
- gross margin returnse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 32–67 $ ha-1e0
- Setting
- poorly drained soils (MO & IL)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in gross margin returns of 32–67 $ ha-1 in poorly drained soils (MO & IL) when applied at 8 g kg-1 with fall and spring N application”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronitridine at 4 g kg-1 produced 10–30 $ ha-1 higher gross margins in well-drained Nebraska soils.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Treatment
- 4 g kg-1 of pronitridinee0
- Outcome
- gross marginse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 10–30 $ ha-1e0
- Setting
- well-drained soils (NE)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“10–30 $ ha-1 higher gross margins were observed in well-drained soils (NE) with an application of 4 g kg-1 of pronitridine for fall and spring application timings”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronitridine and nitrapyrin did not differ in corn yield across all site-years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Outcome
- corn yield productione0
- Direction
- no differencese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no differences between the two NIs were observed in terms of corn yield production”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend setting pronitridine rates according to nitrogen requirements and soil conditions to improve profitability.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0t0
- Treatment
- applying an optimum rate based on N requirements and soil conditionse0
- Outcome
- Profitability of pronitridinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Profitability of pronitridine can be improved by applying an optimum rate based on N requirements and soil conditions”
t0“corn”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1,905 papers in the same direction as this paper · 234 in the opposite direction · 45 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- positive
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