Using Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer alleviates salt stress, improves phosphorus nutrition, and increases cauliflower yield

Abstract

The traditional crop production system involves the use of large amounts of chemical fertilizers, which negatively impacts the ecological environment by increasing soil degradation and salinity, threatening sustainable agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for agricultural practices that increase plant productivity and reduce negative impacts on the environment. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can enhance nutrient availability and plant uptake. This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated) combined with phosphorus fertilizer (40, 60, and 80 kg. ha−1) on the growth and yield of cauliflower grown under saline conditions, saline soil (9.68 dS.m−1) and saline irrigation water (7.12 dS.m−1). Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments, without significant differences between them. However, Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1). The results indicated that the inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is a promising and feasible approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25% and enhance membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC), nutrient availability, and growth performance, thus mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress exacerbated by climate change.

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Claims 13

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: superoxide dismutase (SOD)e1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 29.3%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Brassica oleracea var. botrytis* · TaxonSusan Slater · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Priestia megaterium* · InteractorOsmoregulator / Osmoregulator at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 increased catalase (CAT) relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: catalase (CAT)e1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 13.9e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 increased chlorophyll by 10.4% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: chlorophylle1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 10.4%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 increased leaf N by 7.8% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: Ne1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 7.8%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 increased leaf P by 8.6% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: Pe1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 8.6%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 decreased leaf Na by 7.8% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: Nae1
Direction: decreasede1
Value: 7.8%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 significantly increased head weight by 9.3% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: head weighte1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 9.3%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Bacillus-treated cauliflower fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 significantly increased total yield by 8.3% relative to the recommended P fertilizer control.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
Treatment: Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5e1
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume2symbiont
Outcome: total yielde1
Direction: increasese1
Value: 8.3%e1
Comparator: control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)e1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e1
“Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha−1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1007–1395 · show in text ↑

e2
“This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 477–554 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg P2O5 had higher yield than other treatments.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
Treatment: inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5e0
Interactor: Bacilluse0symbiont
Outcome: yielde0
Direction: highere0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 788–950 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg P2O5 showed improved growth relative to other treatments.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
Treatment: inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5e0
Interactor: Bacilluse0symbiont
Outcome: growthe0
Direction: improvede0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 788–950 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is associated with enhanced membrane stability (MSI) and relative water content (RWC).

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
Treatment: inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megateriume3
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume3symbiont
Outcome: membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC)e3
Direction: enhancee3

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 788–950 · show in text ↑

e3
“The results indicated that the inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is a promising and feasible approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25% and enhance membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC), nutrient availability, and growth performance”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1397–1688 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is associated with enhanced nutrient availability.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
Treatment: inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megateriume3
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume3symbiont
Outcome: nutrient availabilitye3
Direction: enhancee3

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 788–950 · show in text ↑

e3
“The results indicated that the inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is a promising and feasible approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25% and enhance membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC), nutrient availability, and growth performance”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1397–1688 · show in text ↑

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Inoculation of salt-stressed cauliflower with Bacillus megaterium is a promising approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25%.

Taxon: cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
Treatment: inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megateriume3
Interactor: Bacillus megateriumPriestia megateriume3symbiont
Outcome: phosphorus fertilizer usee3
Direction: reducee3
Value: 25%e3

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha−1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 788–950 · show in text ↑

e3
“The results indicated that the inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is a promising and feasible approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25% and enhance membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC), nutrient availability, and growth performance”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1397–1688 · show in text ↑

inoculation · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

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negative
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Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
negative
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no effect
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no effect
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no effect
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no effect
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positive
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 13

The same questions in other papers

inoculation · nutrient: content · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

phosphorus · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

phosphorus · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

inoculation · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

inoculation · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

fertilization · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

fertilization · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

fertilization · Priestia megaterium · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree