Abstract
Experiments were carried out to compare the effects of anions on the growth and inorganic constituents of several vegetable crops supplied with different forms of nitrogen in sand culture.In the preliminary experiments with onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen, plants showed inferior growth with sulphur deficiency symptoms at sulphate (SO4) 0me, slightly inferior growth without deficiency symptoms at SO4 0.2me, and better growth was observed between 0.5 and 10me. While, there was detected no chlorine deficiency symptoms even at chloride (Cl) 0me, and plants showed normal growth between Cl 0 and 10me. In both sulphate and chloride series, plant growth was lowered at higher concentrations than 25me, and the higher the concentration, the less was the growth.In the next experiments of cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source (8me as N), there was no clear difference of growth between the treatments supplied with cations as sulphate or chloride (11me as SO4 or Cl except (NH4)2SO4 treatment). No difference of growth was found also between (NH4)2SO4 plants in which ammonium, in addition to other cations, was supplied as sulphate, and NH4Cl plants supplied as chloride (19me as SO4 and Cl, respectively). However, growth of plants in both treatments was markedly inferior to that in the treatments supplied with other forms of nitrogen. The sulphur concentration in the leaves was higher in the SO4 series than in the Cl series, and the chlorine concentration in the leaves was higher in the Cl series than in the SO4 series, irrespective of the forms of nitrogen and the kinds of vegetables tested.In the third experiment of onion and turnip supplied with NaNO3 or (NH4)2SO4, the effects of SO4 and Cl given as sodium salt on the growth were compared in the higher concentrations of 12-48me. The higher the concentration of SO4 or Cl, the lower was the growth, however, there was no difference of growth between SO4 and Cl series regardless of the forms of nitrogen supplied.Finally, the effects of different concentrations of phosphorus on the growth of cabbage supplied with different forms of nitrogen were investigated. Growth was increased up to P 0.6me, however, further increase was not observed at P 3me both in NaNO3 and NH4NO3 series. In (NH4)2SO4 series growth was not affected by phosphorus concentration, and their growth was markedly inferior to ones in the other forms of nitrogen. Phosphorus concentration in the leaves became higher with increasing concentration of phosphorus supplied, irrespective of the forms of nitrogen, and was the highest in (NH4)2SO4. However, phosphorus deficiency symptoms appeared on the plants both at P 0 and 0.2me, in any nitrogen form.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Onion growth was inferior with sulphur deficiency at zero sulphate.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- sulphate (SO4) 0mee0
- Outcome
- growth with sulphur deficiency symptomse0
- Direction
- inferiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen, plants showed inferior growth with sulphur deficiency symptoms at sulphate (SO4) 0me”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion growth was slightly inferior at 0.2me sulphate without deficiency symptoms.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- SO4 0.2mee0
- Outcome
- growth without deficiency symptomse0
- Direction
- slightly inferiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slightly inferior growth without deficiency symptoms at SO4 0.2me”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion grew better at 0.5 to 10me sulphate.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- 0.5 and 10mee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“better growth was observed between 0.5 and 10me”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion had no chlorine deficiency symptoms even at zero chloride.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- chloride (Cl) 0mee0
- Outcome
- no chlorine deficiency symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was detected no chlorine deficiency symptoms even at chloride (Cl) 0me”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion grew normally from zero to 10me chloride.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- Cl 0 and 10mee0
- Outcome
- normal growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants showed normal growth between Cl 0 and 10me”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations above 25me reduced growth in the sulphate and chloride series.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- higher concentrations than 25mee0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both sulphate and chloride series, plant growth was lowered at higher concentrations than 25me, and the higher the concentration, the less was the growth”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth was similar with sulphate versus chloride cations for cabbage, turnip and onion.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Treatment
- cations as sulphatee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- no clear differencee0
- Comparator
- chloridee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source (8me as N), there was no clear difference of growth between the treatments supplied with cations as sulphate or chloride”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth under ammonium sulphate was similar to growth under ammonium chloride.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- No differencee0
- Comparator
- NH4Cle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No difference of growth was found also between (NH4)2SO4 plants in which ammonium, in addition to other cations, was supplied as sulphate, and NH4Cl plants supplied as chloride”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Both ammonium treatments had markedly inferior growth to other nitrogen forms.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- markedly inferiore0
- Comparator
- other forms of nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of plants in both treatments was markedly inferior to that in the treatments supplied with other forms of nitrogen”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf sulphur concentration was higher under sulphate than chloride.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- SO4 seriese0
- Outcome
- sulphur concentration in the leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Cl seriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sulphur concentration in the leaves was higher in the SO4 series than in the Cl series”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorine concentration was higher under chloride than sulphate.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- Cl seriese0
- Outcome
- chlorine concentration in the leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- SO4 seriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorine concentration in the leaves was higher in the Cl series than in the SO4 series”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sulphate or chloride levels from 12 to 48me reduced onion and turnip growth.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae1
- Treatment
- SO4 or Cle0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher the concentration of SO4 or Cl, the lower was the growth”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth did not differ between sulphate and chloride series.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no difference of growth between SO4 and Cl series regardless of the forms of nitrogen supplied”
e1“onion supplied with nitrate nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage growth increased with phosphorus through P 0.6me under nitrate treatments.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- P 0.6mee0
- Outcome
- Growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth was increased up to P 0.6me, however, further increase was not observed at P 3me both in NaNO3 and NH4NO3 series”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising phosphorus to P 3me did not further increase cabbage growth.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- P 3mee0
- Outcome
- Growthe2
- Direction
- further increase was not observede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“further increase was not observed at P 3me both in NaNO3 and NH4NO3 series”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
e2“Growth was increased up to P 0.6me”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus did not affect growth in ammonium sulphate treatments.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- phosphorus concentratione0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In (NH4)2SO4 series growth was not affected by phosphorus concentration”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Cabbage growth with ammonium sulphate was markedly inferior to other nitrogen forms.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4e1
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- markedly inferiore0
- Comparator
- other forms of nitrogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their growth was markedly inferior to ones in the other forms of nitrogen”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phosphorus concentration rose with phosphorus supply.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- phosphorus suppliede0
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentration in the leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus concentration in the leaves became higher with increasing concentration of phosphorus supplied”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf phosphorus concentration was highest under ammonium sulphate.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- (NH4)2SO4e0
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentration in the leavese2
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was the highest in (NH4)2SO4”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
e2“Phosphorus concentration in the leaves became higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus deficiency appeared at P 0 and 0.2me regardless of nitrogen form.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae1
- Treatment
- P 0 and 0.2mee0
- Outcome
- phosphorus deficiency symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus deficiency symptoms appeared on the plants both at P 0 and 0.2me, in any nitrogen form”
e1“cabbage, turnip, and onion supplied with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source”
The same questions in other papers
sulfate · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
sulfate · disease · Allium cepa (onion)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
cation · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
phosphorus · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.