Abstract
The use of plants as food flavourings, commonly known as herbs and spices, serves as natural sources of flavour, altering the taste and aroma of dishes with only a small amount. Beyond flavour, these plants also contribute essential antioxidants crucial for human health by inhibiting free radicals that can lead to various diseases. In Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia, locals traditionally consume indigenous flavouring plants primarily for their culinary impact, often overlooking the pharmaceutical value these plants may offer. This study aimed to assess the marketable appearance and antioxidant composition of indigenous food flavouring plants in Bintulu. Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market and analyzed for morphological dimensions, total phenolic content, free radical scavenging ability (DPPH), and ferric reducing ability (FRAP). The edible portion of the plants ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%, with P. edule exhibiting the largest edible blade. Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value. Premna serratifolia demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging activity, while S. polyanthum exhibited the highest ferric reducing ability. All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g), indicating potential medicinal utility. Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytate are recommended to complement the obtained data. Additionally, an ethnobotanical study is suggested to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants alongside their role as flavor enhancers in cooking.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Edible portion of the flavouring plant species ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum
Scorodocarpus borneensis
Pangium edule
Premna serratifolia
Syzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1 - Outcome
- edible portione2
- Value
- 57.33% to 84.99%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e2“The edible portion of the plants ranged from 57.33% to 84.99%”
Claim · model-written summary
Pangium edule had the largest edible blade among the species.
- Taxon
- P. edulePangium edulee3
- Outcome
- edible bladee3
- Direction
- largeste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“with P. edule exhibiting the largest edible blade”
Claim · model-written summary
Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g across the species.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthumScorodocarpus borneensisPangium edulePremna serratifoliaSyzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1
- Outcome
- Total phenolic contente4
- Value
- 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 ge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e4“Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value”
Claim · model-written summary
Premna serratifolia had the highest total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- P. serratifoliaPremna serratifoliae4
- Outcome
- Total phenolic contente4
- Direction
- higheste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Total phenolic content varied from 343.27 to 3245.67 mg GAE/100 g, with P. serratifolia having the highest value”
Claim · model-written summary
Premna serratifolia showed the strongest radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- Premna serratifoliaPremna serratifoliae5
- Outcome
- radical scavenging activitye5
- Direction
- strongeste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Premna serratifolia demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Syzygium polyanthum had the highest ferric reducing ability.
- Taxon
- S. polyanthumSyzygium polyanthume6
- Outcome
- ferric reducing abilitye6
- Direction
- higheste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“while S. polyanthum exhibited the highest ferric reducing ability”
Claim · model-written summary
All species showed high antioxidant composition, with IC50 from 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthumScorodocarpus borneensisPangium edulePremna serratifoliaSyzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1
- Outcome
- IC50e7
- Value
- 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mLe7
- Qualifier
- high antioxidant compositione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e7“All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
FRAP ranged from 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g across the species.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthumScorodocarpus borneensisPangium edulePremna serratifoliaSyzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1
- Outcome
- FRAPe7
- Value
- 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 ge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e7“All species exhibited high antioxidant composition (IC50 = 0.10 to 27.6 µg/mL, FRAP = 469.88 to 9272.50 mg TE/100 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further studies on anti-nutrients such as oxalate and phytate.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthumScorodocarpus borneensisPangium edulePremna serratifoliaSyzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1
- Outcome
- Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytatee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e2“Further studies on anti-nutrients like oxalate and phytate are recommended to complement the obtained data”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest an ethnobotanical study to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants.
- Taxon
- Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthumScorodocarpus borneensisPangium edulePremna serratifoliaSyzygium polyanthumPycnarrhena tumefactae1
- Outcome
- document the traditional medicinal usese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Bunches of Pangium edule, Premna serratifolia, Pycnarrhena tumefacta, Scorodocarpus borneensis, and Syzygium polyanthum were obtained from the local farmers market”
e2“an ethnobotanical study is suggested to document the traditional medicinal uses of these plants”