Abstract
Abstract Thymus persicus is a valuable natural source of anticancer triterpenic acids (TAs) such as betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid (OA), and ursolic acid (UA), which is growing wild in the northwest of Iran. In the present study, variability in morphological characteristics, phytochemical composition, and biological activity among T. persicus populations ( TPPs ) were investigated. The plants were phenotypically different with the highest variations in some morphological traits. In total, sixty-seven compounds representing 97.2‒99.9% of the essential oils were identified. Thymol (8.1‒43.9%), α-terpineol (1.8‒34.2%), and p -cymene (0.4‒13.4%) were the major components of the studied oils. The content of BA, OA, and UA was ranged as 530.55 ± 13.04‒856.89 ± 6.76, 419.35 ± 11.44‒584.43 ± 12.67, and 941.66 ± 11.49‒1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DW in the studied TPPs , respectively. The highest total phenol content (87.26 ± 4.35 mg GAE g –1 DW), total flavonoid content (72.34 ± 2.63 mg QE g –1 DW), and antioxidant property (IC 50 = 64.28 ± 4.57 μg ml –1 and 61.68 ± 1.10 μmol Fe +2 g –1 DW) were recorded in TPP1 (Baderlu). The essential oil of the TPP3 (Angooran) showed the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the bacteria (0.005‒0.080 mg ml –1 ) and fungi (0.077‒0.100 mg ml –1 ) among the studied TPPs . Multiple regression analysis showed an associated correlation among morphological, phytochemical characteristics, and biological activities. Canonical correspondence analysis also determined relationship between phytochemical traits and environmental factors. These findings contain valuable data for the conservation and sustainable exploitation of this valuable medicinal plant. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Thymus persicus populations were phenotypically different.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- phenotypically differente0
Verbatim
e0“The plants were phenotypically different with the highest variations in some morphological traits”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Sixty-seven compounds represented 97.2‒99.9% of the essential oils.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- compounds representing 97.2‒99.9% of the essential oilse0
- Value
- 97.2‒99.9%e0
Verbatim
e0“In total, sixty-seven compounds representing 97.2‒99.9% of the essential oils were identified”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol was a major oil component at 8.1‒43.9%.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- Thymole0
- Value
- 8.1‒43.9%e0
Verbatim
e0“Thymol (8.1‒43.9%), α-terpineol (1.8‒34.2%), and p -cymene (0.4‒13.4%) were the major components of the studied oils”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
α-terpineol was a major oil component at 1.8‒34.2%.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- α-terpineole0
- Value
- 1.8‒34.2%e0
Verbatim
e0“Thymol (8.1‒43.9%), α-terpineol (1.8‒34.2%), and p -cymene (0.4‒13.4%) were the major components of the studied oils”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
p -cymene was a major oil component at 0.4‒13.4%.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- p -cymenee0
- Value
- 0.4‒13.4%e0
Verbatim
e0“Thymol (8.1‒43.9%), α-terpineol (1.8‒34.2%), and p -cymene (0.4‒13.4%) were the major components of the studied oils”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
BA content ranged from 530.55 ± 13.04 to 856.89 ± 6.76 mg 100 g ‒1 DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- content of BAe0
- Value
- 530.55 ± 13.04‒856.89 ± 6.76e0
Verbatim
e0“The content of BA, OA, and UA was ranged as 530.55 ± 13.04‒856.89 ± 6.76, 419.35 ± 11.44‒584.43 ± 12.67, and 941.66 ± 11.49‒1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DW in the studied TPPs”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
OA content ranged from 419.35 ± 11.44 to 584.43 ± 12.67 mg 100 g ‒1 DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- OAe0
- Value
- 419.35 ± 11.44‒584.43 ± 12.67e0
Verbatim
e0“The content of BA, OA, and UA was ranged as 530.55 ± 13.04‒856.89 ± 6.76, 419.35 ± 11.44‒584.43 ± 12.67, and 941.66 ± 11.49‒1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DW in the studied TPPs”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
UA content ranged from 941.66 ± 11.49 to 1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DW.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- UAe0
- Value
- 941.66 ± 11.49‒1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DWe0
Verbatim
e0“The content of BA, OA, and UA was ranged as 530.55 ± 13.04‒856.89 ± 6.76, 419.35 ± 11.44‒584.43 ± 12.67, and 941.66 ± 11.49‒1070.82 ± 10.14 mg 100 g ‒1 DW in the studied TPPs”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP1 had the highest total phenol content.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total phenol content (87.26 ± 4.35 mg GAE g –1 DW), total flavonoid content (72.34 ± 2.63 mg QE g –1 DW), and antioxidant property (IC 50 = 64.28 ± 4.57 μg ml –1 and 61.68 ± 1.10 μmol Fe +2 g –1 DW) were recorded in TPP1 (Baderlu)”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP1 had the highest total flavonoid content.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total phenol content (87.26 ± 4.35 mg GAE g –1 DW), total flavonoid content (72.34 ± 2.63 mg QE g –1 DW), and antioxidant property (IC 50 = 64.28 ± 4.57 μg ml –1 and 61.68 ± 1.10 μmol Fe +2 g –1 DW) were recorded in TPP1 (Baderlu)”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP1 had the highest antioxidant property by IC50.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total phenol content (87.26 ± 4.35 mg GAE g –1 DW), total flavonoid content (72.34 ± 2.63 mg QE g –1 DW), and antioxidant property (IC 50 = 64.28 ± 4.57 μg ml –1 and 61.68 ± 1.10 μmol Fe +2 g –1 DW) were recorded in TPP1 (Baderlu)”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP1 had the highest antioxidant property by iron reduction measure.
Verbatim
e0“The highest total phenol content (87.26 ± 4.35 mg GAE g –1 DW), total flavonoid content (72.34 ± 2.63 mg QE g –1 DW), and antioxidant property (IC 50 = 64.28 ± 4.57 μg ml –1 and 61.68 ± 1.10 μmol Fe +2 g –1 DW) were recorded in TPP1 (Baderlu)”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP3 oil had the lowest bacterial MIC.
Verbatim
e0“The essential oil of the TPP3 (Angooran) showed the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the bacteria (0.005‒0.080 mg ml –1 ) and fungi (0.077‒0.100 mg ml –1 ) among the studied TPPs”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
TPP3 oil had the lowest fungal MIC.
Verbatim
e0“The essential oil of the TPP3 (Angooran) showed the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the bacteria (0.005‒0.080 mg ml –1 ) and fungi (0.077‒0.100 mg ml –1 ) among the studied TPPs”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological and phytochemical characteristics correlated with biological activities.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- biological activitiese0
- Qualifier
- morphological, phytochemical characteristicse0
Not reportedMaterialDirection
Verbatim
e0“Multiple regression analysis showed an associated correlation among morphological, phytochemical characteristics, and biological activities”
t0“Thymus persicus”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytochemical traits were related to environmental factors.
- Taxon
- Thymus persicusThymus persicust0
- Outcome
- phytochemical traitse0
- Setting
- environmental factorse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Canonical correspondence analysis also determined relationship between phytochemical traits and environmental factors”
t0“Thymus persicus”