Abstract
Abstract Heavy metal cadmium (Cd) naturally occurs in soil and is a hazardous trace contaminant for humans, animals, and plants. The main sources of Cd pollution in soil include overuse of phosphatic fertilizers, manure, sewage sludge, and aerial deposition. That’s why an experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of Cd toxicity in Capsicum annuum L. by selecting its seven varieties: Hybrid, Desi, Sathra, G-916, BR-763, BG-912, and F1-9226. Cadmium was spiked in soil with four levels, i.e., (0, 3, 4, and 5 mg Cd kg − 1 of soil) for a week for homogeneous dispersion of heavy metal. Chili seeds were sown in compost-filled loamy soil, and 25-day-old seedlings were transplanted into Cd-spiked soil. Cadmium increasing concentration in soil decreased chili growth characteristics, total soluble sugars, total proteins, and amino acids. On the other hand, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased with the increasing concentration of Cd in almost all the varieties. Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls. The maximum flavonoids among varieties were in V5 (BR-763), followed by V6 (BG-912), V7 (F1-9226), V3 (Sathra) and V1 (Hybrid). Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress. The maximum decrease in POD, SOD, and CAT was − 31.81%, -25.98%, -16.39% in chili variety V7 (F1-9226) at 5 mg Cd/kg stress compared to its control. At the same time, maximum APX content decrease was − 82.91%, followed by -80.16%, -65.19%, -40.31%, -30.14%, -10.34% and − 6.45% in V4 (G-916), V2 (Desi), V3 (Sathra), V6 (BG-912), V1 (Hybrid), V7 (F1-9226) and V5 (BR-763) at 5 mg Cd/kg treatment as compared to control chili plants. The highest CAT was found in 5 chili varieties except Desi and G-916. Desi and G-916 varieties. V5 (BR-763) and V6 (BG-912) were susceptible, while V1 (Hybrid), V3 (Sathra), and V7 (F1-9226) were with intermediate growth attributes against Cd stress. Our results suggest that Desi and G-916 chili varieties are Cd tolerant and can be grown on a large scale to mitigate Cd stress naturally.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil cadmium decreased chili growth characteristics.
- Taxon
- chilie0
- Treatment
- Cadmium increasing concentration in soile0
- Outcome
- chili growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium increasing concentration in soil decreased chili growth characteristics, total soluble sugars, total proteins, and amino acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil cadmium decreased soluble sugars, proteins, and amino acids.
- Taxon
- chilie0
- Treatment
- Cadmium increasing concentration in soile0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars, total proteins, and amino acidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium increasing concentration in soil decreased chili growth characteristics, total soluble sugars, total proteins, and amino acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities increased with cadmium concentration in almost all varieties.
Verbatim
e0“the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased with the increasing concentration of Cd in almost all the varieties.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 mg Cd/kg, Desi carotenoids decreased by − 197.39% against its control.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
G-916 carotenoids decreased by -138.78% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid carotenoids decreased by -60.77% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
F1-9226 carotenoids decreased by -17.84% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
BG-912 carotenoids decreased by -16.34% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
BR-763 carotenoids decreased by -11.82% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sathra carotenoids decreased by − 10.37% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment 5 mg Cd/kg application caused − 197.39%, -138.78%, -60.77%, -17.84%, -16.34%, -11.82% and − 10.37% decrease of carotenoids level in chili V2 (Desi) followed by V4 (G-916), V1 (Hy7brid), V7 (F1-9226), V6 (BG-912), V5 (BR-763) and V3 (Sathra) as compared to their controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
BR-763 had the maximum flavonoids among varieties.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum flavonoids among varieties were in V5 (BR-763), followed by V6 (BG-912), V7 (F1-9226), V3 (Sathra) and V1 (Hybrid).”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Sathra flavonoids decreased by − 37.63% at 5 mg Cd/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid flavonoids decreased by -34.78%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
G-916 flavonoids decreased by -33.85%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
F1-9226 flavonoids decreased by -31.96%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Desi flavonoids decreased by -31.44%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
BR-763 flavonoids decreased by -30.58%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
BG-912 flavonoids decreased by -22.88%.
Verbatim
e0“Flavonoids content was decreased with − 37.63% (Sathra), -34.78% (Hybrid), -33.85% (G-916), -31.96% (F1-9226), -31.44% (Desi), -30.58% (BR-763), -22.88% (BG-912) as compared to their control at 5 mg Cd/kg soil stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
BR-763 and BG-912 were classified susceptible to Cd stress.
Verbatim
e0“V5 (BR-763) and V6 (BG-912) were susceptible, while V1 (Hybrid), V3 (Sathra), and V7 (F1-9226) were with intermediate growth attributes against Cd stress.”
t0“chili varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Desi and G-916 were recommended for cultivation to mitigate Cd stress.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that Desi and G-916 chili varieties are Cd tolerant and can be grown on a large scale to mitigate Cd stress naturally.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.