Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops depends not only on root accumulation but also on Cd transport to aboveground parts, especially leaves and edible portions. Therefore, microbial resources capable of altering Cd distribution within plants deserve more attention than those merely enhancing tolerance. However, research on fungal-mediated Cd redistribution remains limited. In this study, a Cd-tolerant fungus was isolated from Cd-rich mining slag soil and identified as Rhizopus microsporus (RM). RM formed dense visible mycelia under 200 mg/L Cd 2 + , whereas no visible colony was observed at 400 mg/L Cd 2+ , indicating that its Cd tolerance threshold was between 200 and 400 mg/L Cd 2+ , The strain exhibits antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsici , and shows growth-promoting traits (phosphate solubilization, IAA, siderophore production). SEM-EDS revealed rough hyphal surfaces and Cd accumulation under Cd stress. Transcriptome analysis identified 867, 745, and 636 differentially expressed genes at 2, 6, and 12 h of Cd stress, respectively, with enriched pathways related to amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, transmembrane transport, NADH dehydrogenase activity, and glycolysis, suggesting Cd tolerance involves energy metabolism and transmembrane regulation. Hydroponic experiments showed that Cd stress inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll content, and promoted Cd accumulation in all tissues. RM inoculation did not consistently reduce oxidative indicators (malondialdehyde, catalase, Superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase), but significantly lowered leaf Cd accumulation from 217.34 mg/kg (Cd alone) to 38.21 mg/kg (a 5.69-fold reduction), and promoted recovery of chlorophyll content, plant height, root length, and biomass. These findings suggest that RM enhances pepper adaptability to Cd stress primarily by reshaping Cd distribution within the plant rather than simply inhibiting oxidative damage.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
RM tolerated cadmium between 200 and 400 mg/L.
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporus
Rhizopus microsporust0symbiont - Outcome
- Cd tolerance thresholde0
- Value
- between 200 and 400 mg/L Cd 2+e0
CapsicumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RM formed dense visible mycelia under 200 mg/L Cd 2 + , whereas no visible colony was observed at 400 mg/L Cd 2+ , indicating that its Cd tolerance threshold was between 200 and 400 mg/L Cd 2+”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM showed antagonism against Phytophthora capsici.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora capsici
.jpg?width=60)
Phytophthora capsicie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsicie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The strain exhibits antagonistic activity against Phytophthora capsici”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM showed phosphate solubilization, IAA and siderophore production.
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilization, IAA, siderophore productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shows growth-promoting traits (phosphate solubilization, IAA, siderophore production)”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM hyphae accumulated cadmium under cadmium stress.
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- rough hyphal surfaces and Cd accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SEM-EDS revealed rough hyphal surfaces and Cd accumulation under Cd stress”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM had 867, 745 and 636 differentially expressed genes at 2, 6 and 12 hours of cadmium stress.
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 867, 745, and 636e0
- Qualifier
- at 2, 6, and 12 h of Cd stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis identified 867, 745, and 636 differentially expressed genes at 2, 6, and 12 h of Cd stress, respectively”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress inhibited pepper seedling growth and chlorophyll content and increased tissue cadmium.
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll content, and promoted Cd accumulation in all tissuese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydroponic experiments showed that Cd stress inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll content, and promoted Cd accumulation in all tissues”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM inoculation did not consistently reduce oxidative indicators.
- Treatment
- RM inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative indicatorse0
- Direction
- did not consistently reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RM inoculation did not consistently reduce oxidative indicators (malondialdehyde, catalase, Superoxide dismutase, acid phosphatase)”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM inoculation lowered pepper leaf cadmium from 217.34 to 38.21 mg/kg.
- Treatment
- RM inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 38.21 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- 217.34 mg/kge0
- Comparator
- Cd alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly lowered leaf Cd accumulation from 217.34 mg/kg (Cd alone) to 38.21 mg/kg (a 5.69-fold reduction)”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM inoculation promoted recovery of chlorophyll content, plant height and root length.
- Treatment
- RM inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, plant height, root lengthe0
- Direction
- promoted recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted recovery of chlorophyll content, plant height, root length, and biomass”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
Claim · model-written summary
RM inoculation promoted recovery of biomass.
- Treatment
- RM inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Rhizopus microsporusRhizopus microsporust0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- promoted recoverye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted recovery of chlorophyll content, plant height, root length, and biomass”
e1“RM inoculation”
t0“Rhizopus microsporus and its alleviating effect on cadmium stress in chili peppers”
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