Abstract
To address the problems of inadequate water and fertilizer retention performance of the substrate, which results in the waste of water and fertilizer resources and then contributes to existing agricultural non-point source pollution, this study selected raw materials with different water retention performances for substrate compounding and explored their water retention performance and impact on the growth, yield and quality of strawberries. The experimental setup utilized the strawberry cultivar ‘Hongyan’ as the test subject and incorporated different proportions of vermicompost, coconut bran, biochar and humic acid into the organic fertilizer. A total of 12 treatment groups were formed across three gradients, involving different proportions of vermicompost with 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 proportions of coconut bran/biochar and 0.05, 0.15 and 0.20 proportions of humic acid. To evaluate the water retention performance, uniform water and fertilizer regulations were applied. The results revealed that the treatment groups T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1) exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity, lower water infiltration rates, and better water retention performances, but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups. Among them, T4 could effectively improve the nutrient content of the substrate, and the substrate nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) increased by 5.80% compared with CK2. Also, plant total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) uptake increased by 81.18% and 4.74%, respectively, compared with CK2, which in turn promoted the growth and development of the plant and improved the fruit yield and quality to a certain extent. Meanwhile, T4 had the highest urease and catalase activities, with sucrase activity ranking second only to T1. In contrast, T5 demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving the average fruit weight and maximum fruit weight, registering increases of 22.98% and 36.22% compared to CK2, respectively, but the effect on the total yield was less pronounced. A comprehensive evaluation of strawberry growth found that the T4 treatment was superior. In conclusion, the ratio of vermicompost and coconut bran at 0.5:0.1 improved and promoted the substrate water retention performance and strawberry growth.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatments T4 and T5 exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1)e0
- Outcome
- water absorption multiplicitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the treatment groups T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1) exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatments T4 and T5 exhibited lower water infiltration rates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1)e0
- Outcome
- water infiltration ratese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment groups T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1) exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity, lower water infiltration rates”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate treatments T4 and T5 showed better water retention performance.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1)e0
- Outcome
- water retention performancese0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment groups T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1) exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity, lower water infiltration rates, and better water retention performances”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no significant difference in water retention results between treatments T4 and T5.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1)e0
- Outcome
- water retention performancese0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment groups T4 (vermicompost:coconut bran = 0.5:0.1) and T5 (vermicompost:biochar = 0.5:0.1) exhibited higher water absorption multiplicity, lower water infiltration rates, and better water retention performances, but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 effectively improved the nutrient content of the substrate.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- nutrient content of the substratee0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve the nutrient content of the substrate”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) under T4 increased by 5.80% compared with CK2.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- substrate nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.80%e0
- Comparator
- CK2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve the nutrient content of the substrate, and the substrate nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) increased by 5.80% compared with CK2”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant total nitrogen (TN) uptake under T4 increased by 81.18% compared with CK2.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- plant total nitrogen (TN)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 81.18%e1
- Comparator
- CK2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve”
e1“plant total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) uptake increased by 81.18% and 4.74%, respectively, compared with CK2”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant total phosphorus (TP) uptake under T4 increased by 4.74% compared with CK2.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- total phosphorus (TP) uptakee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 4.74%e1
- Comparator
- CK2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve”
e1“plant total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) uptake increased by 81.18% and 4.74%, respectively, compared with CK2”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 promoted the growth and development of the strawberry plant.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- growth and development of the plante1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve”
e1“promoted the growth and development of the plant”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 improved fruit yield and quality to a certain extent.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- fruit yield and qualitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- to a certain extente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 could effectively improve”
e1“improved the fruit yield and quality to a certain extent”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had the highest urease and catalase activities.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- urease and catalase activitiese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 had the highest urease and catalase activities”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrase activity under T4 ranked second only to T1.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- sucrase activitye0
- Direction
- ranking second only to T1e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 had the highest urease and catalase activities, with sucrase activity ranking second only to T1”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 increased average fruit weight by 22.98% compared with CK2.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- average fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 22.98%e0
- Comparator
- CK2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T5 demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving the average fruit weight and maximum fruit weight, registering increases of 22.98% and 36.22% compared to CK2, respectively”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 increased maximum fruit weight by 36.22% compared with CK2.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- maximum fruit weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 36.22%e0
- Comparator
- CK2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T5 demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving the average fruit weight and maximum fruit weight, registering increases of 22.98% and 36.22% compared to CK2, respectively”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of T5 on total yield was less pronounced.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- less pronouncede0
- Comparator
- CK2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T5 demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving the average fruit weight and maximum fruit weight, registering increases of 22.98% and 36.22% compared to CK2, respectively, but the effect on the total yield was less pronounced”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
In a comprehensive evaluation of strawberry growth, the T4 treatment was superior.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- T4 treatmente0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A comprehensive evaluation of strawberry growth found that the T4 treatment was superior”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.