Abstract
SummaryExcessive Ca2+ ion concentrations in hydroponic nutrient solutions (NS) are inevitable if the Ca2+ ion concentration of the irrigation water exceeds standard recommendations. The aim of the present study was to compare three different strategies to adjust the K+ and Mg2+ ion supply and the K+: Ca2+: Mg2+ ratio in the NS supplied to hydroponically-grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa) plants when the Ca2+ ion concentration in the irrigation water exceeded recommended levels.The standard NS (SNS) for strawberry that was used as a control treatment had an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.8 dS m–1 and contained 6 mM K+, 3 mM Ca2+, and 1.4 mM Mg2+ ions. SNS was compared with three NS, all with an excessively high Ca2+ ion level (5 mM), while their K+ and Mg2+ ion levels were: (i) either not altered ("High Ca"); (ii) increased to maintain the same K+:Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio as in SNS ("High all"); (iii) or decreased to maintain the same EC as SNS ("Compensation"). The EC values of these three NS with 5 mM Ca2+ were 2.2, 2.8, and 1.8 dS m–1, respectively. The lowest plant fresh weight and fruit yield values were recorded in the "High all" treatment (78% and 57% of the values in SNS, respectively), while the two other NS with 5 mM Ca2+ did not influence plant growth or yield compared to SNS. These results indicate that for optimum crop performance the EC of the NS was more important than the K+:Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio. The reduced plant growth observed in the "High all" treatment was associated with a large increase in the EC of the drainage solution from 2.8 to 5.0 dS m–1, and significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate (44%, 39%, and 43% of the values in SNS, respectively), while the intercellular CO2 concentrations in leaves were similar in all treatments. Furthermore, strawberry plants supplied with the "High all" NS exhibited synchronised reductions in leaf water and leaf osmotic potentials compared to those treated with SNS, without any alteration in leaf turgor pressure and relative water content.These results indicate that the reduced fruit yield in the "High all" treatment was associated with impaired photosynthesis, due not only to reduced stomatal conductance, but also, at the chloroplast level, caused by water stress when the EC of the NS was raised to harmful levels.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
High all nutrient solution reduced strawberry fresh weight to 78% of standard nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Treatment
- "High all"e0
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The lowest plant fresh weight and fruit yield values were recorded in the "High all" treatment (78% and 57% of the values in SNS, respectively)”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High all nutrient solution reduced strawberry fruit yield to 57% of standard nutrient solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 57%e0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest plant fresh weight and fruit yield values were recorded in the "High all" treatment (78% and 57% of the values in SNS, respectively)”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The other two high calcium solutions did not change strawberry growth or yield versus standard solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- two other NS with 5 mM Ca2+e0
- Outcome
- plant growth or yielde0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two other NS with 5 mM Ca2+ did not influence plant growth or yield compared to SNS”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High all treatment increased drainage electrical conductivity from 2.8 to 5.0 dS m–1.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e0
- Outcome
- EC of the drainage solutione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2.8 to 5.0 dS m–1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“"High all" treatment was associated with a large increase in the EC of the drainage solution from 2.8 to 5.0 dS m–1”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High all treatment reduced stomatal conductance to 44% of standard solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e2
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate (44%, 39%, and 43% of the values in SNS, respectively)”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
e2“The reduced plant growth observed in the "High all" treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
High all treatment reduced net photosynthetic rate to 39% of standard solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e2
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate (44%, 39%, and 43% of the values in SNS, respectively)”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
e2“The reduced plant growth observed in the "High all" treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
High all treatment reduced transpiration to 43% of standard solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e2
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions (P ≤ 0.05) in stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate (44%, 39%, and 43% of the values in SNS, respectively)”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
e2“The reduced plant growth observed in the "High all" treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercellular leaf CO2 concentrations were similar across treatments.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 concentrationse0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the intercellular CO2 concentrations in leaves were similar in all treatments”
e1“strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Camarosa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High all nutrient solution reduced strawberry leaf water and osmotic potentials versus standard solution.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- "High all" NSe0
- Outcome
- leaf water and leaf osmotic potentialse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- SNSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants supplied with the "High all" NS exhibited synchronised reductions in leaf water and leaf osmotic potentials compared to those treated with SNS”
Claim · model-written summary
High all nutrient solution did not alter leaf turgor pressure and relative water content.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all" NSe2
- Outcome
- leaf turgor pressure and relative water contente0
- Direction
- without any alteratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without any alteration in leaf turgor pressure and relative water content”
e1“strawberry plants supplied with the "High all" NS”
e2“"High all" NS”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced strawberry fruit yield under High all was associated with impaired photosynthesis from stomatal limitation and chloroplast water stress.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- "High all"e0
- Outcome
- reduced fruit yielde0
- Qualifier
- impaired photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the reduced fruit yield in the "High all" treatment was associated with impaired photosynthesis, due not only to reduced stomatal conductance, but also, at the chloroplast level, caused by water stress when the EC of the NS was raised to harmful levels”
e1“strawberry plants supplied with the "High all" NS”
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See all 229 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.