Abstract
Willows are suitable candidates for phytoremediation projects. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of using Salix unrooted cuttings for the phytoremediation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) and copper (Cu) mine tailings. Cuttings of 14 Salix clones were directly rooted into pots containing mine tailings. The 14 clones showed different levels of tolerance to tailing treatments. A total of 71.40% and 85.70% of the S. jiangsuensis ‘172’ cuttings either grown in Pb/Zn or Cu tailings survived, respectively. However, the other clones had lower survival rates, and the values were no more than 40%. Usually, all clones produce less biomass in an extremely contaminated environment. Clonal variation in biomass yield was observed in this research. The surviving clones, such as S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. chaenomeloides ‘3’, S. chaenomeloides ‘4’, and S. chaenomeloides ‘5’ (Pb/Zn tailing), S. integra ‘HY’, S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. matsudana ‘19’, and S. matsudana ‘34’ (Cu tailing) produced relatively more biomass in this study. In general, all the clones presented lower bioconcentration factor values for the tailings of heavy metals. In principle, all clones could easily take up and translocate Zn and Cd from the tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra. All clones exhibited a huge variation in their heavy metal accumulation capacity. As stated above, the direct utilization of cuttings for phytoremediation is a viable option. S. jiangsuensis ‘172’ had a high tolerance capacity and would be a recommended candidate for future phytoremediation projects in soils containing tailings with an extremely high concentration of heavy metals. These results provide crucial information about willow growth and metal accumulation capacity in extremely adverse environments.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen Salix clones differed in tolerance to tailings.
SalixOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 14 clones showed different levels of tolerance to tailing treatments.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
S. jiangsuensis 172 had 71.40% cutting survival in Pb/Zn tailings.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 71.40% and 85.70% of the S. jiangsuensis ‘172’ cuttings either grown in Pb/Zn or Cu tailings survived, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
S. jiangsuensis 172 had 85.70% cutting survival in Cu tailings.
Verbatim
e0“A total of 71.40% and 85.70% of the S. jiangsuensis ‘172’ cuttings either grown in Pb/Zn or Cu tailings survived, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Other clones had survival rates no higher than 40%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the other clones had lower survival rates, and the values were no more than 40%.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
All clones generally produced less biomass in extreme contamination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Usually, all clones produce less biomass in an extremely contaminated environment.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones varied in biomass yield.
- Outcome
- Clonal variation in biomass yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clonal variation in biomass yield was observed in this research.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
Five named surviving clones produced relatively more biomass in Pb/Zn tailings.
- Taxon
- S. integra
Salix integrae0 - Material
- S. integra ‘WSH’e0
- Treatment
- Pb/Zn tailinge0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The surviving clones, such as S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. chaenomeloides ‘3’, S. chaenomeloides ‘4’, and S. chaenomeloides ‘5’ (Pb/Zn tailing), S. integra ‘HY’, S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. matsudana ‘19’, and S. matsudana ‘34’ (Cu tailing) produced relatively more biomass in this study.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surviving clones produced relatively more biomass in Cu tailings.
- Taxon
- S. integraSalix integrae0
- Material
- S. integra ‘HY’e0
- Treatment
- Cu tailinge0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The surviving clones, such as S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. chaenomeloides ‘3’, S. chaenomeloides ‘4’, and S. chaenomeloides ‘5’ (Pb/Zn tailing), S. integra ‘HY’, S. integra ‘WSH’, S. matsudana ‘14’, S. matsudana ‘19’, and S. matsudana ‘34’ (Cu tailing) produced relatively more biomass in this study.”
Claim · model-written summary
All clones generally had lower bioconcentration factors for tailings heavy metals.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the clones presented lower bioconcentration factor values for the tailings of heavy metals.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
All clones could take up and translocate Zn from tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra.
- Taxon
- S. integraSalix integrae0
- Organ / stage
- aboveground partse0
- Outcome
- take up and translocate Zne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all clones could easily take up and translocate Zn and Cd from the tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra.”
Claim · model-written summary
All clones could take up and translocate Cd from tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra.
- Taxon
- S. integraSalix integrae0
- Organ / stage
- aboveground partse0
- Outcome
- translocate Zn and Cde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all clones could easily take up and translocate Zn and Cd from the tailings to aboveground parts, especially S. integra.”
Claim · model-written summary
Clones varied greatly in metal accumulation capacity.
- Outcome
- huge variation in their heavy metal accumulation capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All clones exhibited a huge variation in their heavy metal accumulation capacity.”
t0“Salix Clones”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend S. jiangsuensis 172 for future phytoremediation in highly metal-contaminated tailings soils.
- Taxon
- S. jiangsuensis(Salix babylonica ×Salix alba) ×Salix matsudanae0
- Material
- S. jiangsuensis ‘172’e0
- Outcome
- recommended candidate for future phytoremediation projectse0
- Qualifier
- soils containing tailings with an extremely high concentration of heavy metalse0
Verbatim
e0“S. jiangsuensis ‘172’ had a high tolerance capacity and would be a recommended candidate for future phytoremediation projects in soils containing tailings with an extremely high concentration of heavy metals.”
The same questions in other papers
climate site · growth · Salix (willows)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.