Abstract
Tocopherols are lipophilic antioxidants known as vitamin E and synthesized from the condensation of two metabolic pathways leading to the formation of homogentisate and phytyl diphosphate. While homogentisate is derived from tyrosine metabolism, phytyl diphosphate may be formed from geranylgeranyl diphosphate or phytol recycling from chlorophyll degradation. Here, we hypothesized that abscisic acid (ABA) could induce tocopherol biosynthesis in sweet cherries by modifying the expression of genes involved in vitamin E biosynthesis, including those from the phytol recycling pathway. Hence, the expression of key tocopherol biosynthesis genes was determined together with vitamin E and chlorophyll contents during the natural development of sweet cherries on the tree. Moreover, the effects of exogenously applied ABA on the expression of key tocopherol biosynthesis genes were also investigated during on-tree fruit development, and tocopherols and chlorophylls contents were analyzed. Results showed that the expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genes, including VTE5, VTE6, HPPD and HPT showed contrasting patterns of variation, but in all cases, increased by 2- and 3-fold over time during fruit de-greening. This was not the case for GGDR and VTE4, the first showing constitutive expression during fruit development and the second with marked down-regulation at ripening onset. Furthermore, exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation and significantly enhanced VTE5 and VTE6 expression, and also that of HPPD and VTE4, altogether increasing total tocopherol accumulation. In conclusion, ABA increases promote the transcription of phytol recycling enzymes, which may contribute to vitamin E biosynthesis during fruit development in stone fruits like sweet cherries.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of VTE5 and VTE6 increased 2- and 3-fold over time during sweet cherry fruit de-greening.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruits
Prunus aviumt0 - Gene
- VTE5, VTE6e0
- Outcome
- expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2- and 3-folde0
- Qualifier
- over time during fruit de-greeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e0“Results showed that the expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genes, including VTE5, VTE6, HPPD and HPT showed contrasting patterns of variation, but in all cases, increased by 2- and 3-fold over time during fruit de-greening”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of HPPD and HPT increased 2- and 3-fold over time during sweet cherry fruit de-greening.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Gene
- HPPD and HPTe0
- Outcome
- expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2- and 3-folde0
- Qualifier
- over time during fruit de-greeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e0“Results showed that the expression of tocopherol biosynthesis genes, including VTE5, VTE6, HPPD and HPT showed contrasting patterns of variation, but in all cases, increased by 2- and 3-fold over time during fruit de-greening”
Claim · model-written summary
GGDR shows constitutive expression during sweet cherry fruit development.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Gene
- GGDRe6
- Outcome
- constitutive expressione5
- Qualifier
- during fruit developmente5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e6“This was not the case for GGDR and VTE4”
e5“the first showing constitutive expression during fruit development and the second with marked down-regulation at ripening onset”
Claim · model-written summary
VTE4 expression is markedly down-regulated at sweet cherry ripening onset.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Gene
- VTE4e6
- Outcome
- expressione5
- Direction
- marked down-regulatione5
- Qualifier
- at ripening onsete5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e6“This was not the case for GGDR and VTE4”
e5“the first showing constitutive expression during fruit development and the second with marked down-regulation at ripening onset”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA stimulated production of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols by 60% and 30% in sweet cherry fruit.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe2
- Outcome
- production of both α- and γ-tocopherolse2
- Direction
- stimulatede2
- Value
- 60% and 30%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e2“exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA promoted chlorophyll degradation in sweet cherry fruit.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione2
- Direction
- promotede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e2“exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA significantly enhanced VTE5 and VTE6 expression in sweet cherry fruit.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe2
- Gene
- VTE5 and VTE6e3
- Outcome
- expressione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e2“exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation”
e3“significantly enhanced VTE5 and VTE6 expression, and also that of HPPD and VTE4”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA also enhanced HPPD and VTE4 expression in sweet cherry fruit.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe2
- Gene
- HPPD and VTE4e3
- Outcome
- expressione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e2“exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation”
e3“significantly enhanced VTE5 and VTE6 expression, and also that of HPPD and VTE4”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA increased total tocopherol accumulation in sweet cherry fruit.
- Taxon
- sweet cherry fruitsPrunus aviumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe2
- Outcome
- total tocopherol accumulatione4
- Direction
- increasinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e2“exogenous ABA stimulated the production of both α- and γ-tocopherols by 60% and 30%, respectively, promoted chlorophyll degradation”
e4“altogether increasing total tocopherol accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA may promote transcription of phytol recycling enzymes, contributing to vitamin E biosynthesis in sweet cherries.
- Taxon
- sweet cherriesPrunus aviume7
- Treatment
- ABAe7
- Outcome
- transcription of phytol recycling enzymese7
- Qualifier
- may contribute to vitamin E biosynthesise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sweet cherry fruits”
e7“ABA increases promote the transcription of phytol recycling enzymes, which may contribute to vitamin E biosynthesis during fruit development in stone fruits like sweet cherries”
The same questions in other papers
(+)-abscisic acid · yield · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
(+)-abscisic acid · molecular: metabolites · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
(+)-abscisic acid · molecular: expression · Prunus avium (sweet cherry)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.