Abstract
An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2017 and 2018 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of tillage and nutrient-management options on yield, nutrient uptake, residual soil-fertility status, and enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.). The zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (ZT + R) and conventional tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (CT + R) enhanced the grain yield (6.2–17.0%) of maize compared to CT without residue (4.40 t/ha). High cost of cultivation was recorded in CT + R (44.8 × 103 `/ha), while high net returns were found in ZT + R (37.6 × 103 `/ha). In ZT + R, the addition of wheat residue enhanced N, P, and K uptake in grain by 19.41, 12.81 and 13.92%, respectively over CT. Available N (182 kg/ha), available P (13.8 kg/ha), and exchangeable K (318 kg/ha) were found highest with ZT + R. Nutrient expert system (NES) enhanced the grain yield (5.30 t/ha) and net returns (43.0 × 103 `/ha) compared to no application of nutrients (control) (3.35 t/ha and 17.9 × 103 `/ha) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (4.70 t/ha and 34.8 × 103 `/ha). Higher activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) (25.9 TPF μg/g/h) and microbial biomass C (130 μg/g) were found with NES. An increase of 57.96–58.4% in N uptake was found with NES over RDF (80.0 kg/ha). The nutrient expert system (NES) and 125% of RDF left higher amount of residual N, P and K in soil than the control. Overall, nutrient expert system under zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha can increase the productivity and profitability in maize.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R enhanced maize grain yield (6.2-17.0%) compared with CT without residue (4.40 t/ha).
- Treatment
- zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (ZT + R)e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 6.2–17.0%e1
- Qualifier
- 4.40 t/hae1
- Comparator
- CT without residuee1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“The zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (ZT + R) and conventional tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (CT + R) enhanced the grain yield (6.2–17.0%) of maize compared to CT without residue (4.40 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
CT + R enhanced maize grain yield (6.2-17.0%) compared with CT without residue (4.40 t/ha).
- Treatment
- conventional tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (CT + R)e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 6.2–17.0%e1
- Qualifier
- 4.40 t/hae1
- Comparator
- CT without residuee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e1“The zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (ZT + R) and conventional tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha (CT + R) enhanced the grain yield (6.2–17.0%) of maize compared to CT without residue (4.40 t/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
The addition of wheat residue in ZT + R enhanced N uptake in grain by 19.41% over CT.
- Treatment
- addition of wheat residuee2
- Outcome
- N, P, and K uptake in graine2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 19.41e2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In ZT + R, the addition of wheat residue enhanced N, P, and K uptake in grain by 19.41, 12.81 and 13.92%, respectively over CT”
Claim · model-written summary
The addition of wheat residue in ZT + R enhanced P uptake in grain by 12.81% over CT.
- Treatment
- addition of wheat residuee2
- Outcome
- N, P, and K uptake in graine2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 12.81e2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In ZT + R, the addition of wheat residue enhanced N, P, and K uptake in grain by 19.41, 12.81 and 13.92%, respectively over CT”
Claim · model-written summary
The addition of wheat residue in ZT + R enhanced K uptake in grain by 13.92% over CT.
- Treatment
- addition of wheat residuee2
- Outcome
- N, P, and K uptake in graine2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 13.92%e2
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“In ZT + R, the addition of wheat residue enhanced N, P, and K uptake in grain by 19.41, 12.81 and 13.92%, respectively over CT”
Claim · model-written summary
CT + R had a high cost of cultivation (44.8 × 10^3 per ha).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“High cost of cultivation was recorded in CT + R (44.8 × 103 `/ha), while high net returns were found in ZT + R (37.6 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT + R had high net returns (37.6 × 10^3 per ha).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e3“High cost of cultivation was recorded in CT + R (44.8 × 103 `/ha), while high net returns were found in ZT + R (37.6 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Available N (182 kg/ha) was highest with ZT + R.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“Available N (182 kg/ha), available P (13.8 kg/ha), and exchangeable K (318 kg/ha) were found highest with ZT + R”
Claim · model-written summary
Available P (13.8 kg/ha) was highest with ZT + R.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“Available N (182 kg/ha), available P (13.8 kg/ha), and exchangeable K (318 kg/ha) were found highest with ZT + R”
Claim · model-written summary
Exchangeable K (318 kg/ha) was highest with ZT + R.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e4“Available N (182 kg/ha), available P (13.8 kg/ha), and exchangeable K (318 kg/ha) were found highest with ZT + R”
Claim · model-written summary
NES enhanced maize grain yield (5.30 t/ha) compared with no nutrient application (3.35 t/ha).
- Treatment
- Nutrient expert system (NES)e5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 5.30 t/hae5
- Qualifier
- 3.35 t/hae5
- Comparator
- no application of nutrients (control)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“Nutrient expert system (NES) enhanced the grain yield (5.30 t/ha) and net returns (43.0 × 103 `/ha) compared to no application of nutrients (control) (3.35 t/ha and 17.9 × 103 `/ha) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (4.70 t/ha and 34.8 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
NES enhanced maize grain yield (5.30 t/ha) compared with the recommended dose of fertilizer (4.70 t/ha).
- Treatment
- Nutrient expert system (NES)e5
- Outcome
- grain yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 5.30 t/hae5
- Qualifier
- 4.70 t/hae5
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“Nutrient expert system (NES) enhanced the grain yield (5.30 t/ha) and net returns (43.0 × 103 `/ha) compared to no application of nutrients (control) (3.35 t/ha and 17.9 × 103 `/ha) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (4.70 t/ha and 34.8 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
NES enhanced net returns (43.0 × 10^3 per ha) compared with no nutrient application (17.9 × 10^3 per ha).
- Treatment
- Nutrient expert system (NES)e5
- Outcome
- net returnse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 43.0 × 103 `/hae5
- Qualifier
- 17.9 × 103 `/hae5
- Comparator
- no application of nutrients (control)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“Nutrient expert system (NES) enhanced the grain yield (5.30 t/ha) and net returns (43.0 × 103 `/ha) compared to no application of nutrients (control) (3.35 t/ha and 17.9 × 103 `/ha) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (4.70 t/ha and 34.8 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
NES enhanced net returns (43.0 × 10^3 per ha) compared with the recommended dose of fertilizer (34.8 × 10^3 per ha).
- Treatment
- Nutrient expert system (NES)e5
- Outcome
- net returnse5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Value
- 43.0 × 103 `/hae5
- Qualifier
- 34.8 × 103 `/hae5
- Comparator
- recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e5“Nutrient expert system (NES) enhanced the grain yield (5.30 t/ha) and net returns (43.0 × 103 `/ha) compared to no application of nutrients (control) (3.35 t/ha and 17.9 × 103 `/ha) and recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (4.70 t/ha and 34.8 × 103 `/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
NES gave higher dehydrogenase activity (25.9 TPF μg/g/h).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e6“Higher activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) (25.9 TPF μg/g/h) and microbial biomass C (130 μg/g) were found with NES”
Claim · model-written summary
NES gave microbial biomass C of 130 μg/g.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e6“Higher activity of dehydrogenase (DHA) (25.9 TPF μg/g/h) and microbial biomass C (130 μg/g) were found with NES”
Claim · model-written summary
NES increased N uptake by 57.96-58.4% over RDF.
- Treatment
- NESe7
- Outcome
- N uptakee7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 57.96–58.4%e7
- Qualifier
- 80.0 kg/hae7
- Comparator
- RDFe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e7“An increase of 57.96–58.4% in N uptake was found with NES over RDF (80.0 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
NES left higher residual N, P and K in soil than the control.
- Treatment
- nutrient expert system (NES)e7
- Outcome
- residual N, P and K in soile7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- the controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e7“The nutrient expert system (NES) and 125% of RDF left higher amount of residual N, P and K in soil than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
125% of RDF left higher residual N, P and K in soil than the control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities in maize (Zea mays L.)”
e7“The nutrient expert system (NES) and 125% of RDF left higher amount of residual N, P and K in soil than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
NES under zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha can increase maize productivity and profitability.
- Treatment
- nutrient expert system under zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/hae6
- Outcome
- productivity and profitabilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Overall, nutrient expert system under zero-tillage with crop residue at 3.5 t/ha can increase the productivity and profitability in maize”
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