Abstract
The global contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to soybean production ranks Brazil as the leading country. In 2013/2014, a new technology based on soybean co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 was released, and here we report a five-year set of extension activities in Paraná state, southern Brazil, to demonstrate the benefits of co-inoculation. In total, 273 technical reference units (TRUs) were installed in two main soybean macro-regions, all showing naturalized populations of soybean bradyrhizobia. In each TRU, side-by-side plots consisting of soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense were installed, and 260 TRUs were evaluated for nodulation and 242 for grain yield. Consistent nodulation increases, of up to 350% were observed in every cropping season, with an average significant (p < 0.01) increase of 35% in the five-year period. Similarly, grain yield increased up to 80% due to co-inoculation, with an average significant (p < 0.01) increase of 8%, corresponding to 273 kg ha−1. The increases were confirmed in the two macro-regions and different levels of grain yield, from low (<3000 kg ha−1) to high (>4000 kg ha−1). In the five-year period, 3299 small farmers were reached (farms of ∼50 ha) and the average profit due to co-inoculation was estimated at US$ 111.5 ha−1 per cropping season. In addition, we discuss environmental benefits associated with the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions, estimated at 350 kg ha−1 of CO2-e, in addition to soil N enrichment.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation raised soybean nodulation by up to 350% each season.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilensee1
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium spp.
Bradyrhizobiume1symbiont - Second interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee1symbiont - Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- up to 350%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consistent nodulation increases, of up to 350% were observed in every cropping season”
e1“soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense”
t0“soybean co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation raised mean soybean nodulation by 35% across five years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilensee2
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium spp.Bradyrhizobiume2symbiont
- Second interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulatione1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Qualifier
- five-year periode0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an average significant (p < 0.01) increase of 35% in the five-year period.”
e1“Consistent nodulation increases, of up to 350% were observed in every cropping season”
e2“soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation raised soybean grain yield by up to 80%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilensee1
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium spp.Bradyrhizobiume1symbiont
- Second interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 80%e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield increased up to 80% due to co-inoculation”
e1“soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation raised mean grain yield 8%, equivalent to 273 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilensee2
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium spp.Bradyrhizobiume2symbiont
- Second interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee2symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- 273 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an average significant (p < 0.01) increase of 8%, corresponding to 273 kg ha−1.”
e1“Similarly, grain yield increased up to 80% due to co-inoculation”
e2“soybean seeds non-inoculated or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and A. brasilense”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodulation and yield increases were confirmed across two regions and yield levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- The increasese0
- Direction
- increasese1
- Qualifier
- different levels of grain yielde0
- Setting
- two macro-regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increases were confirmed in the two macro-regions and different levels of grain yield, from low (<3000 kg ha−1) to high (>4000 kg ha−1).”
e1“Consistent nodulation increases”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean profit from soybean co-inoculation was estimated at US$ 111.5 ha−1 per season.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculatione0
- Outcome
- average profite0
- Value
- US$ 111.5 ha−1e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average profit due to co-inoculation was estimated at US$ 111.5 ha−1 per cropping season.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation was associated with estimated greenhouse gas mitigation of 350 kg ha−1 CO2-e.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculationt0
- Outcome
- mitigation of greenhouse gases emissionse0
- Value
- 350 kg ha−1 of CO2-ee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental benefits associated with the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions, estimated at 350 kg ha−1 of CO2-e”
t0“soybean co-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation was associated with soil N enrichment.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-inoculationt0
- Outcome
- soil N enrichmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in addition to soil N enrichment.”
t0“soybean co-inoculation”
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