Abstract
The aim of the studies is to examine the relationship between oxidative bursts, their regulation with ion homeostasis, and NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes. For this, in the first study, four differently salt-sensitive maize genotypes (BIL214 × BIL218 as tolerant, BHM-5 as sensitive, and BHM-7 and BHM-9 as moderate-tolerant) were selected on the basis of phenotype, histochemical detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and specific and in-gel activity of NOX. In the next experiment, these genotypes were further examined in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days to study salt-induced changes in NOX activity, ROS accumulation, ion and redox homeostasis, the activity of antioxidants and their isozyme responses, and to find out potential relationships among the traits. Methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalse enzymes (Gly I and II) were also evaluated. Fully expanded leaf samplings were collected at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9-day, and after 7 days of recovery to assay different parameters. Na + /K + , NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes, with a significantly higher value in BHM-5 as compared to tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes. A continual induction of Cu/Zn-SOD was observed in BIL214 × BIL218 due to salt stress. Substantial decreases in CAT2 and CAT3 isozymes in BHM-5 might be critical for the highest H 2 O 2 burst in that sensitive genotype under salt stress. The highest intensified POD isozymes were visualized in BHM-5, BHM-7, and BHM-9, whereas BIL214 × BIL218 showed a continual induction of POD isozymes, although GPX activity decreased in all the genotypes at 9 days. Under salt stress, the tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 showed superior ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasis by keeping GR and MDHAR activity high. This genotype also had a stronger MG detoxification system by having higher glyoxalase activity. Correlation, comparative heatmap, and PCA analyses revealed positive correlations among Na + /K + , NOX, O 2 •− , H 2 O 2 , MG, proline, GR, GST, and Gly I activities. Importantly, the relationship depends on the salt sensitivity of the genotypes. The reduced CAT activity as well as redox homeostasis were critical to the survival of the sensitive genotype.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Na+/K+, NOX and ROS contents increased significantly with salt stress duration in all maize genotypes
- Organ / stage
- leafe4
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- Na + /K + , NOX, ROSe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- with the progression of stress duratione3
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“Na + /K + , NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes”
e4“Fully expanded leaf samplings were collected at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9-day”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA contents increased significantly with salt stress duration in all maize genotypes
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- MDA contentse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- with the progression of stress duratione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“Na + /K + , NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
BHM-5 had significantly higher Na+/K+, NOX and ROS contents than the tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes
- Material
- BHM-5e5
- Outcome
- Na + /K + , NOX, ROSe3
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“Na + /K + , NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes”
e5“with a significantly higher value in BHM-5 as compared to tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
BHM-5 had significantly higher MDA contents than the tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes
- Material
- BHM-5e5
- Outcome
- MDA contentse3
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“Na + /K + , NOX, ROS, and MDA contents increased significantly with the progression of stress duration in all maize genotypes”
e5“with a significantly higher value in BHM-5 as compared to tolerant and moderate-tolerant genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress induced Cu/Zn-SOD continually in BIL214 × BIL218
- Material
- BIL214 × BIL218e6
- Treatment
- salt stresse6
- Gene
- Cu/Zn-SODe6
- Outcome
- Cu/Zn-SODe6
- Direction
- inductione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e6“A continual induction of Cu/Zn-SOD was observed in BIL214 × BIL218 due to salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased CAT2 and CAT3 isozymes in BHM-5
- Material
- BHM-5e7
- Treatment
- salt stresse7
- Gene
- CAT2 and CAT3e7
- Outcome
- CAT2 and CAT3 isozymese7
- Direction
- decreasese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e7“Substantial decreases in CAT2 and CAT3 isozymes in BHM-5 might be critical for the highest H 2 O 2 burst in that sensitive genotype under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreased CAT2 and CAT3 in BHM-5 might be critical for its highest H2O2 burst
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e7“Substantial decreases in CAT2 and CAT3 isozymes in BHM-5 might be critical for the highest H 2 O 2 burst in that sensitive genotype under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
BHM-5, BHM-7 and BHM-9 showed the highest intensified POD isozymes
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“The highest intensified POD isozymes were visualized in BHM-5, BHM-7, and BHM-9”
Claim · model-written summary
BIL214 × BIL218 showed a continual induction of POD isozymes under salt stress
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“whereas BIL214 × BIL218 showed a continual induction of POD isozymes”
Claim · model-written summary
GPX activity decreased in all genotypes at 9 days of salt stress
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“although GPX activity decreased in all the genotypes at 9 days”
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 showed superior ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasis under salt stress
- Material
- BIL214 × BIL218e3
- Treatment
- 200 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasise3
- Direction
- superiore3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“the tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 showed superior ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasis by keeping GR and MDHAR activity high”
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 kept GR and MDHAR activity high under salt stress
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“the tolerant genotype BIL214 × BIL218 showed superior ASA- and GSH-redox homeostasis by keeping GR and MDHAR activity high”
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant genotype had a stronger MG detoxification system through higher glyoxalase activity under salt stress
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“This genotype also had a stronger MG detoxification system by having higher glyoxalase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Na+/K+, NOX and O2•− were positively correlated under salt stress
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“revealed positive correlations among Na + /K + , NOX, O 2 •− , H 2 O 2 , MG, proline, GR, GST, and Gly I activities”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2, MG and proline were positively correlated under salt stress
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“revealed positive correlations among Na + /K + , NOX, O 2 •− , H 2 O 2 , MG, proline, GR, GST, and Gly I activities”
Claim · model-written summary
GR, GST and Gly I were positively correlated under salt stress
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in 200 mM NaCl solution in half-strength Hoagland media for nine days”
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“revealed positive correlations among Na + /K + , NOX, O 2 •− , H 2 O 2 , MG, proline, GR, GST, and Gly I activities”
Claim · model-written summary
The relationships among the traits depend on the salt sensitivity of the genotypes
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“Importantly, the relationship depends on the salt sensitivity of the genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced CAT activity and redox homeostasis were critical to the survival of the sensitive genotype
- Outcome
- survival of the sensitive genotypee3
- Qualifier
- reduced CAT activity as well as redox homeostasise3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“NADPH oxidase (NOX) in different salt-sensitive maize genotypes”
e3“The reduced CAT activity as well as redox homeostasis were critical to the survival of the sensitive genotype”
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