Abstract
In grapes under drought stress, polyols accumulate through tight coordination at the molecular level between increased membrane transport of polyols and inhibition of polyol oxidation. Here, the effects on grape metabolism of an exogenous foliar application of polyols as a potential sustainable viticultural practice to increase grapevine performance and berry quality were thoroughly assessed. Grapevines were pulverised with a polyol solution containing 2 mM mannitol and 2 mM sorbitol, and the metabolome of grape berry exocarps and important metabolic pathways associated with berry quality and polyol metabolism were analysed at véraison and mature stages. By combining metabolomics analysis using UPLC-MS, enzyme activity assays and targeted transcriptional analyses, it was demonstrated that foliar application of polyols stimulated by 3.5-fold and 6-fold abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis at véraison and mature grape berries, respectively. It also stimulated the concentration of anthocyanins, stilbenes and total phenolics in exocarps through the upregulation of phenylpropanoid, stilbenoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways shown by increases in phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity (3-fold) and VviPAL1 expression, stilbene synthase 1 (VviSTS1) transcripts (ca. 5-fold), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity and VviUFGT1 expression, among other results, at the mature stage, when these changes were most noticeable. Many secondary metabolites synthesised in these pathways identified by UPLC-MS analysis were present at higher quantities in exocarps from polyol-treated plants such as fertaric acid, E-resveratrol, E-piceatannol, piceid, pallidol, E-ε-viniferin, myricetin-hexoside 1, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside. Foliar application of low-concentration polyols is, therefore, a promising biostimulant-based strategy to improve grape berry quality and nutritional value in the current context of climate change.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased abscisic acid biosynthesis 3.5-fold at véraison.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- véraisone0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolse0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesise0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 3.5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of polyols stimulated by 3.5-fold and 6-fold abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis at véraison and mature grape berries, respectively.”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased abscisic acid biosynthesis 6-fold in mature grape berries.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- mature grape berriese0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolse0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesise0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 6-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of polyols stimulated by 3.5-fold and 6-fold abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis at véraison and mature grape berries, respectively.”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased anthocyanin, stilbene and total phenolic concentrations in exocarps.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- exocarpse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolst1
- Outcome
- concentration of anthocyanins, stilbenes and total phenolicse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“It also stimulated the concentration of anthocyanins, stilbenes and total phenolics in exocarps”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased phenylalanine-ammonia lyase activity threefold at maturity.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolst1
- Gene
- phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL)e0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increases in phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity (3-fold) and VviPAL1 expression”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased VviPAL1 expression.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolst1
- Gene
- VviPAL1e0
- Outcome
- VviPAL1 expressione0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“increases in phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) activity (3-fold) and VviPAL1 expression”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased VviSTS1 transcripts about fivefold.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolst1
- Gene
- stilbene synthase 1 (VviSTS1)e0
- Outcome
- stilbene synthase 1 (VviSTS1) transcriptse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- ca. 5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“stilbene synthase 1 (VviSTS1) transcripts (ca. 5-fold)”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar polyols increased UFGT activity and VviUFGT1 expression.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- foliar application of polyolst1
- Gene
- VviUFGT1e0
- Outcome
- UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity and VviUFGT1 expressione0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) activity and VviUFGT1 expression”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertaric acid, E-resveratrol and E-piceatannol occurred at higher quantities in exocarps of polyol-treated plants.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- exocarpse0
- Treatment
- polyol-treatede0
- Outcome
- fertaric acid, E-resveratrol, E-piceatannole0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“higher quantities in exocarps from polyol-treated plants such as fertaric acid, E-resveratrol, E-piceatannol”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Piceid, pallidol and E-ε-viniferin occurred at higher quantities in exocarps of polyol-treated plants.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- exocarpse0
- Treatment
- polyol-treatede0
- Outcome
- piceid, pallidol, E-ε-viniferine0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“higher quantities in exocarps from polyol-treated plants such as fertaric acid, E-resveratrol, E-piceatannol, piceid, pallidol, E-ε-viniferin”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
Myricetin-hexoside 1, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside occurred at higher quantities in exocarps of polyol-treated plants.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- exocarpse0
- Treatment
- polyol-treatede0
- Outcome
- myricetin-hexoside 1, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucosidee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“higher quantities in exocarps from polyol-treated plants such as fertaric acid, E-resveratrol, E-piceatannol, piceid, pallidol, E-ε-viniferin, myricetin-hexoside 1, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside”
t0“grape berry exocarps”
t1“foliar application of polyols”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose low-concentration foliar polyols as a strategy to improve grape berry quality and nutritional value.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of low-concentration polyols is, therefore, a promising biostimulant-based strategy to improve grape berry quality and nutritional value”
t0“grape”
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