Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles and chemical inducers in managing onion white rot caused by Sclerotium cepivorum. The pathogen severely threatens onion cultivation, resulting in significant yield losses and economic setbacks. Traditional fungicides, though effective, raise environmental concerns, prompting a shift toward eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, four S. cepivorum isolates were utilized, each exhibiting varying degrees of pathogenicity, with the third isolate from Abu-Hamad demonstrating the highest potency. During the in vitro studies, three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth, with salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPs exhibiting synergistic effects. In vivo, these nanoparticles reduced the disease incidence and severity, with Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm resulting in 65.0–80.0% incidence and 80.0–90.0% severity. ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on the chlorophyll content, while Cu NPs had minimal effects. At 1000 ppm, Fe3O4 NPs had variable effects on the phenolic compounds (total: 6.28, free: 4.81, related: 2.59), while ZnO NPs caused minor fluctuations (total: 3.60, free: 1.82, related: 1.73). For the chemical inducers, salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions. Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP) had mixed effects, and ascorbic acid showed limited efficacy toward disease reduction. However, PDP at 1400 ppm and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds. Furthermore, this study extended to traditional fungicides, highlighting their inhibitory effects on S. cepivorum. This research provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of these approaches, emphasizing their potential in eco-friendly onion white rot management.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The third S. cepivorum isolate from Abu-Hamad was the most pathogenic of four isolates.
- Taxon
- Onion
Allium cepat0 - Interactor
- S. cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- highest potencye0
- Setting
- Abu-Hamade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four S. cepivorum isolates were utilized, each exhibiting varying degrees of pathogenicity, with the third isolate from Abu-Hamad demonstrating the highest potency”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 NPs showed potential to inhibit S. cepivorum mycelial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NPse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu NPs showed potential to inhibit S. cepivorum mycelial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Cu NPse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs showed potential to inhibit S. cepivorum mycelial growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated, including Fe3O4 NPs, Cu NPs, and ZnO NPs, which demonstrated the potential to inhibit mycelial growth”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPs showed synergistic inhibition in vitro.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPse0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- synergistic effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid and Fe3O4 NPs exhibiting synergistic effects”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm reduced onion white rot incidence, with reported incidence of 65.0–80.0%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppme0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 65.0–80.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vivo, these nanoparticles reduced the disease incidence and severity, with Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm resulting in 65.0–80.0% incidence and 80.0–90.0% severity”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm reduced onion white rot severity, with reported severity of 80.0–90.0%.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppme0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 80.0–90.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vivo, these nanoparticles reduced the disease incidence and severity, with Fe3O4 NPs at 1000–1400 ppm resulting in 65.0–80.0% incidence and 80.0–90.0% severity”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on onion chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- most positive impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on the chlorophyll content, while Cu NPs had minimal effects”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu NPs had minimal effects on onion chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs had the most positive impact on the chlorophyll content, while Cu NPs had minimal effects”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1000 ppm, Fe3O4 NPs had variable effects on total, free, and related phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Fe3O4 NPse0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Qualifier
- variable effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 1000 ppm, Fe3O4 NPs had variable effects on the phenolic compounds (total: 6.28, free: 4.81, related: 2.59)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs caused minor fluctuations in phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- minor fluctuationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO NPs caused minor fluctuations (total: 3.60, free: 1.82, related: 1.73)”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid reduced onion incidence (10.0%).
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid reduced onion severity (25.0% to 10.0%).
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25.0% to 10.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid promoted onion growth.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid elevated onion chlorophyll values.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll valuese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid enhanced onion phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salicylic acid reduced the disease (10.0% incidence, 25.0% to 10.0% severity) and promoted growth, and it elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds in infected onions”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium phosphate dibasic had mixed effects on onion white rot.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP)e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- mixed effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP) had mixed effects, and ascorbic acid showed limited efficacy toward disease reduction”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid had limited efficacy in reducing onion disease.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium cepivorumStromatinia cepivorae1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphate dibasic (PDP) had mixed effects, and ascorbic acid showed limited efficacy toward disease reduction”
t0“Onion”
e1“Sclerotium cepivorum”
Claim · model-written summary
PDP at 1400 ppm elevated chlorophyll values and enhanced phenolic compounds in onions.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- PDP at 1400 ppme0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PDP at 1400 ppm and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds”
t0“Onion”
Claim · model-written summary
ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated chlorophyll values and enhanced phenolic compounds in onions.
- Taxon
- OnionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acid at 1000 ppme0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PDP at 1400 ppm and ascorbic acid at 1000 ppm elevated the chlorophyll values and enhanced the phenolic compounds”
t0“Onion”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · growth · Allium cepa (onion)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
17 papers more in this group
See all 21 papers →salicylic acid · Stromatinia cepivora · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: pigments · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
salicylic acid · quality: phytochemicals · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ascorbic acid · physiology: pigments · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
nanoparticle · physiology: pigments · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.