Abstract
Iron-magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-NMPs) are widely used in environmental remediation, while porphyrin-based hybrid materials anchored to silica-coated Fe3O4-nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) have been used for water disinfection purposes. To assess their safety on plants, especially concerning potential environmental release, it was investigated for the first time, the impact on plants of a silica-coated Fe3O4-NPs bearing a porphyrinic formulation (FORM) - FORM@NMP. Additionally, FORM alone and the magnetic nanoparticles without FORM anchored (NH2@NMP) were used for comparison. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was chosen as a model species and was subjected to three environmentally relevant doses during germination and tiller development through root application. Morphological, physiological, and metabolic parameters were assessed. Despite a modest biomass decrease and alterations in membrane properties, no major impairments in germination or seedling development were observed. During tiller phase, both Fe3O4-NPs increased leaf length, and photosynthesis exhibited varied impacts: both Fe3O4-NPs and FORM alone increased pigments; only Fe3O4-NPs promoted gas exchange; all treatments improved the photochemical phase. Regarding oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation decreased in FORM and FORM@NMP, yet with increased O2-• in FORM@NMP; total flavonoids decreased in NH2@NMP and antioxidant enzymes declined across all materials. Phenolic profiling revealed a generalized trend towards a decrease in flavones. In conclusion, these nanoparticles can modulate wheat physiology/metabolism without apparently inducing phytotoxicity at low doses and during short-time exposure. Iron-magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in environmental remediation and fertilization, besides of new applications continuously being developed, making them emerging contaminants. Soil is a major sink for these nanoparticles and their fate and potential environmental risks in ecosystems must be addressed to achieve more sustainable environmental applications. Furthermore, as the reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is being claimed, it is of major importance to disclose the impact on crops of the nanoparticles used for wastewater decontamination, such as those proposed in this work.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure caused a modest biomass decrease.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite a modest biomass decrease and alterations in membrane properties”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure altered membrane properties.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- membrane propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alterations in membrane properties”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
No major impairment in germination or seedling development was observed.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- germination or seedling developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no major impairments in germination or seedling development were observed”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased leaf length during tillering.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- tiller phasee0
- Treatment
- both Fe3O4-NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During tiller phase, both Fe3O4-NPs increased leaf length”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased pigments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- both Fe3O4-NPse0
- Outcome
- pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both Fe3O4-NPs and FORM alone increased pigments”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
FORM alone increased pigments.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FORM alonee0
- Outcome
- pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both Fe3O4-NPs and FORM alone increased pigments”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only Fe3O4 nanoparticles promoted gas exchange.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fe3O4-NPse0
- Outcome
- gas exchangee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only Fe3O4-NPs promoted gas exchange”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments improved the photochemical phase.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- photochemical phasee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all treatments improved the photochemical phase”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
FORM decreased lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FORMe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lipid peroxidation decreased in FORM and FORM@NMP”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
FORM@NMP decreased lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FORM@NMPe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lipid peroxidation decreased in FORM and FORM@NMP”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
FORM@NMP increased O2-•.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- FORM@NMPe0
- Outcome
- O2-•e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased O2-• in FORM@NMP”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NH2@NMP decreased total flavonoids.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- NH2@NMPe0
- Outcome
- total flavonoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total flavonoids decreased in NH2@NMP”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All materials decreased antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- all materialse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“antioxidant enzymes declined across all materials”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic profiling showed a general decrease in flavones.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- flavonese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenolic profiling revealed a generalized trend towards a decrease in flavones”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded low dose, short exposure can modulate physiology without apparent phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- physiology/metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- low doses and during short-time exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these nanoparticles can modulate wheat physiology/metabolism without apparently inducing phytotoxicity at low doses and during short-time exposure”
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