Abstract
A greenhouse experiment was realized to investigate the effects of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on soil quality and the growth, nutrient uptake, and physiological performance of Batavia lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia). For this purpose, six fertilization treatments were applied: (i) inorganic fertilization (I.F.—control, i.e., usual/conventional fertilization), (ii) I.F. + PGPR, (iii) I.F. + PGPR + AMF, (iv) manure (MAN), (v) MAN + PGPR, and (vi) MAN + PGPR + AMF. Soil fertility was influenced by the treatments, and soil respiration (CO2 flux) was significantly increased after applications of PGPR and AMF. Following MAN fertilization in particular, an approximately sixfold higher soil respiration value was recorded following the MAN + PGPR + AMF treatment compared to the control (I.F.). Root, leaf, and total biomass dry weights were significantly affected by the PGPR and AMF applications, mainly following the I.F. treatment. In contrast, K, Mg, and Fe uptake was significantly influenced by PGPR and AMF application following the MAN treatment. The SPAD value, performance index (PI), photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were significantly higher in the I.F. + PGPR + AMF-treated plants compared to the control plants. Overall, these data prove the beneficial roles of PGPR and AMF in soil quality and fertility and the nutrient uptake and physiological performance of lettuce plants. However, further clarification is needed in the near future to test the interaction effects between PGPR, AMF, and the type of fertilizer used (organic or inorganic).
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and AMF applications significantly increased soil respiration.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- applications of PGPR and AMFe0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil respiration (CO2 flux)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil fertility was influenced by the treatments, and soil respiration (CO2 flux) was significantly increased after applications of PGPR and AMF.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
MAN + PGPR + AMF yielded about sixfold higher soil respiration than I.F.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- MAN + PGPR + AMF treatmente0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil respiratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- approximately sixfolde0
- Comparator
- control (I.F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following MAN fertilization in particular, an approximately sixfold higher soil respiration value was recorded following the MAN + PGPR + AMF treatment compared to the control (I.F.).”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and AMF significantly affected root, leaf and total dry biomass, mainly after inorganic fertilization.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- PGPR and AMF applicationse0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Root, leaf, and total biomass dry weightse0
- Qualifier
- mainly following the I.F. treatmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root, leaf, and total biomass dry weights were significantly affected by the PGPR and AMF applications, mainly following the I.F. treatment.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR and AMF significantly influenced K, Mg and Fe uptake after manure.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- PGPR and AMF applicatione0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- K, Mg, and Fe uptakee0
- Qualifier
- following the MAN treatmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K, Mg, and Fe uptake was significantly influenced by PGPR and AMF application following the MAN treatment.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
I.F. + PGPR + AMF raised SPAD value, performance index and photosynthetic rate relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- I.F. + PGPR + AMF-treated plantse0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- SPAD value, performance index (PI), photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SPAD value, performance index (PI), photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were significantly higher in the I.F. + PGPR + AMF-treated plants compared to the control plants.”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
I.F. + PGPR + AMF raised stomatal conductance relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- I.F. + PGPR + AMF-treated plantse0
- Interactor
- PGPRe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SPAD value, performance index (PI), photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were significantly higher in the I.F. + PGPR + AMF-treated plants compared to the control plants.”
t0“lettuce”
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