Abstract
Given the global significance of wheat production and consumption, it is imperative to achieve high yields of nutritious wheat grains. However, the inadequate availability of zinc (Zn) in salt-affected soils can aggravate salt stress, decrease wheat grain yield, and grain Zn concentration. This study compared the effectiveness of soil Zn application and seed Zn priming in increasing Zn biofortification and grain yield of Zn-biofortified wheat grown in alkaline-calcareous soil affected by salts. Eighteen pots were filled with alkaline-calcareous soil containing elevated levels of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium (Na). The pots were subjected to soil Zn application (0 or 8 mg kg−1) and seed priming (control/non-, hydro-, or Zn-primed seeds) treatments, applied to a Zn-biofortified wheat (cv. Zincol-2016). Plant samples were collected at the heading and maturity stages to measure parameters related to plant growth and grain quality. Soil Zn application increased grain and straw yields across seed priming treatments by a maximum of 23%, and seed Zn priming increased grain and straw yields across soil Zn rates by a maximum of 21%. This yield response was accompanied by significant increases in grain potassium and Zn concentrations at maturity, as well as non-significant to significant increases in photosynthetic parameters (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate) in flag leaves during heading. Additionally, compared to control, the combined treatment of soil Zn application and seed Zn priming decreased grain Na concentration by 14%. Compared to control, both soil Zn application and seed Zn priming significantly increased grain Zn concentration. With the combined application treatment, the grain Zn concentration reached 27 mg kg−1, but it remained significantly below the desired level of >37 mg kg−1. Seed Zn priming decreased the phytate-to-Zn molar ratio in grains, while the treatments that received soil Zn application exhibited the lowest values of this ratio, potentially increasing Zn bioavailability to humans. The findings suggest that soil Zn application is more effective in enhancing grain yield and Zn concentration, while seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soils. Future research should optimize Zn application strategies for Zn-biofortified wheat cultivated in salt-affected fields.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application increased wheat grain and straw yields across seed priming treatments by up to 23%
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Soil Zn applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 23%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e1“Soil Zn application increased grain and straw yields across seed priming treatments by a maximum of 23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed Zn priming increased wheat grain and straw yields across soil Zn rates by up to 21%
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed Zn priminge2
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 21%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“seed Zn priming increased grain and straw yields across soil Zn rates by a maximum of 21%”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain potassium and Zn concentrations at maturity increased significantly in the yield response
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Outcome
- grain potassium and Zn concentrationse3
- Direction
- increasese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e3“This yield response was accompanied by significant increases in grain potassium and Zn concentrations at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf photosynthetic parameters of wheat increased during heading, from non-significant to significant
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leaves during headinge4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic parameters (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate)e4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Qualifier
- non-significant to significante4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e4“non-significant to significant increases in photosynthetic parameters (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate) in flag leaves during heading”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined soil Zn and seed Zn priming treatment decreased wheat grain Na concentration by 14% compared with control
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of soil Zn application and seed Zn priminge5
- Outcome
- grain Na concentratione5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 14%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e5“compared to control, the combined treatment of soil Zn application and seed Zn priming decreased grain Na concentration by 14%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application significantly increased wheat grain Zn concentration compared with control
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione6
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e6“Compared to control, both soil Zn application and seed Zn priming significantly increased grain Zn concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed Zn priming significantly increased wheat grain Zn concentration compared with control
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed Zn priminge6
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e6“Compared to control, both soil Zn application and seed Zn priming significantly increased grain Zn concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
With the combined treatment, wheat grain Zn concentration of 27 mg kg−1 stayed significantly below the desired level of >37 mg kg−1
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined application treatmente7
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione7
- Direction
- belowe7
- Value
- 27 mg kg−1e7
- Comparator
- desired level of >37 mg kg−1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e7“With the combined application treatment, the grain Zn concentration reached 27 mg kg−1, but it remained significantly below the desired level of >37 mg kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed Zn priming decreased the phytate-to-Zn molar ratio in wheat grain
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Seed Zn priminge2
- Outcome
- phytate-to-Zn molar ratioe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“Seed Zn priming decreased the phytate-to-Zn molar ratio in grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application treatments gave the lowest phytate-to-Zn ratio values in wheat grain
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione2
- Outcome
- values of this ratioe2
- Direction
- loweste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“the treatments that received soil Zn application exhibited the lowest values of this ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn application is more effective than seed Zn priming in enhancing wheat grain yield and Zn concentration
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil Zn applicatione2
- Outcome
- grain yield and Zn concentratione2
- Direction
- more effectivee2
- Comparator
- seed Zn priminge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“soil Zn application is more effective in enhancing grain yield and Zn concentration, while seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soils”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors state that seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soils
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soilse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e2“soil Zn application is more effective in enhancing grain yield and Zn concentration, while seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soils”
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