Abstract
Auxins play crucial regulatory roles in plants coping with cadmium (Cd) stress. However, the regulatory mechanism by which auxins alleviate Cd toxicity in tomato seedlings remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to Cd stress leads to dynamic changes in the auxin response in tomato roots, characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent weakening. Under Cd stress, tomato seedlings show primary root- and hypocotyl-growth inhibition, accompanied by the accumulation of Cd and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the roots. The exogenous application of 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) does not mitigate the inhibitory effect of Cd toxicity on primary root growth, but it does significantly enhance lateral root development under Cd stress. Auxin transport inhibitors, such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenoic acid (TIBA), aggravate the growth inhibition of primary roots caused by Cd stress. Additionally, lateral root development was inhibited by NPA. However, applying auxin synthesis inhibitors L-kynurenine (kyn) and yucasin alleviated the tomato root growth inhibition caused by Cd stress; between them, the effect of yucasin was more pronounced. Yucasin mitigates Cd toxicity in tomato seedlings by reducing Cd2+ absorption and auxin accumulation, strengthening ROS scavenging, and reducing cell death in roots. These observations suggest that yucasin potentially mitigates Cd toxicity and improves the tolerance of tomato seedlings to Cd stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress first increased and then weakened auxin response in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- auxin responsee0
- Direction
- initial increase followed by a subsequent weakeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exposure to Cd stress leads to dynamic changes in the auxin response in tomato roots, characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent weakening.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under cadmium stress, tomato primary root and hypocotyl growth were inhibited.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- primary root- and hypocotyl-growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Cd stress, tomato seedlings show primary root- and hypocotyl-growth inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium and reactive oxygen species accumulated in tomato roots under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd and reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accompanied by the accumulation of Cd and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the roots.”
e1“Cd stress, tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA did not mitigate cadmium inhibition of tomato primary root growth.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA)e0
- Outcome
- primary root growthe0
- Direction
- does not mitigatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous application of 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) does not mitigate the inhibitory effect of Cd toxicity on primary root growth”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA significantly enhanced lateral root development under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- lateral root developmente0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it does significantly enhance lateral root development under Cd stress.”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA and TIBA aggravated cadmium inhibition of tomato primary roots.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenoic acid (TIBA)e0
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of primary rootse0
- Direction
- aggravatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Auxin transport inhibitors, such as 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenoic acid (TIBA), aggravate the growth inhibition of primary roots caused by Cd stress.”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA inhibited lateral root development.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPAe0
- Outcome
- lateral root developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lateral root development was inhibited by NPA.”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
L-kynurenine alleviated cadmium-induced tomato root growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- L-kynurenine (kyn)e0
- Outcome
- tomato root growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying auxin synthesis inhibitors L-kynurenine (kyn) and yucasin alleviated the tomato root growth inhibition caused by Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Yucasin alleviated cadmium-induced tomato root growth inhibition more strongly than L-kynurenine.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- yucasine0
- Outcome
- tomato root growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- L-kynurenine (kyn)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying auxin synthesis inhibitors L-kynurenine (kyn) and yucasin alleviated the tomato root growth inhibition caused by Cd stress; between them, the effect of yucasin was more pronounced.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yucasin reduced cadmium ion absorption and auxin accumulation, strengthened ROS scavenging and reduced tomato root cell death.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Yucasine0
- Outcome
- Cd toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- reducing Cd2+ absorption and auxin accumulation, strengthening ROS scavenging, and reducing cell death in rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yucasin mitigates Cd toxicity in tomato seedlings by reducing Cd2+ absorption and auxin accumulation, strengthening ROS scavenging, and reducing cell death in roots.”
The same questions in other papers
1-naphthaleneacetic acid · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
35 papers more in this group
See all 39 papers →naptalam · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.