Efficacy of broad-spectrum herbicide mixtures on weed flora in wet direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the east coast plain region of India

Abstract

Wet direct seeded rice (DSR) attributing floristically diverse weed flora which emerges as main constraints for its successful cultivation. Broad spectrum herbicide mixtures can be acted as weapon for mitigating this issue by nullifying the challenges like weed shift, herbicide resistance etc. Consequently, an experiment was conducted at the Institute Research Farm of ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, situated in the east coast plain region of India specifically in mid-central table land agro-climatic zone of Odisha during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 to assess the effectiveness of different herbicide mixtures in managing weeds successfully. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design encompassing 12 treatments, viz., nine post-emergence herbicide mixtures (experimental combinations for testing), one post-emergence herbicide check, one weed-free (T11) (weed-free plots were maintained by hand weeding) and one weedy check (T12), replicated thrice. The net plot size was 5.8 × 3.8 m (22.04 m2). The test variety CR Dhan 203 was sown in 20 cm rows apart. Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield. Also showed lowest weed flora dynamics and relative weed density as well. Among the herbicide treatments, fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) registered the highest weed control efficiency (86.49%) and lowest weed index (6.69%), hence demonstrating as most viable and adoptable combinations for agricultural crop production.

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Claims 8

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The weed-free treatment and T4 were at par for high grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: at pare0
Comparator: Weed-free treatment (T11)e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Oryza sativa* · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1106–1563 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The weed-free treatment and T3 were at par for high grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: at pare0
Comparator: Weed-free treatment (T11)e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1106–1563 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The weed-free treatment and T1 were at par for high grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: at pare0
Comparator: Weed-free treatment (T11)e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1106–1563 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The weed-free treatment and T2 were at par for high grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: at pare0
Comparator: Weed-free treatment (T11)e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1106–1563 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The weed-free treatment and T5 were at par for high grain yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: high performancee0
Comparator: Weed-free treatment (T11)e0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1106–1563 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T4 had the highest weed control efficiency, 86.49%.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4)e0
Outcome: weed control efficiencye0
Direction: higheste0
Value: 86.49%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) registered the highest weed control efficiency (86.49%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1671–1808 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T4 had the lowest weed index, 6.69%.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4)e0
Outcome: weed indexe0
Direction: loweste0
Value: 6.69%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) registered the highest weed control efficiency (86.49%) and lowest weed index (6.69%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1671–1838 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivebasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors considered T4 the most viable and adoptable combination.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Outcome: most viable and adoptable combinations for agricultural crop productione0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“hence demonstrating as most viable and adoptable combinations for agricultural crop production”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1840–1934 · show in text ↑

t0
“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–103 · show in text ↑

Cyhalofop-butyl · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

49 papers: 42 positive, 7 negative or no effect

41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
CY.PE+BENTA at 30 days reduced rice plant height and tillers.
Effect of Mixture Herbicides Containing Cyhalofop-butyl on Barnyardgrass Control and Rice Phytotoxicity at Foliar Treatment of Rice Late Stage in the Field · 2002
Opposite direction
no effect
Grain yield with penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS was at par with bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor.
Efficacy of pre-and post-emergence ready-mix herbicides in rainfed lowland wet-seeded rice · 2021 · compared with bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor fb HW at 40 DAS
No difference from an alternative
no effect
Penoxsulam+ Cyhalofop butyl 135 g ha-1 was at par with the weed-free treatment for yield attributing characters, grain and straw yield in rice.
Yield, Yield Attributes and Weed Biomass of Rice (Oryza sativa L) as Influenced by Weed Control Treatments · 2024 · compared with weed free treatment
No difference from an alternative

45 papers more in this group

See all 49 papers →

Penoxsulam · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

87 papers: 75 positive, 12 negative or no effect

74 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Postemergence bispyrbac-sodium or penoxsulam followed by hand-weeding reduced rice yield by 12% to 13%.
Integrated weed management in transplanted rice: options for addressing labor constraints and improving farmers’ income in Bangladesh · 2021 · compared with farmers’ practice
Opposite direction
negative
Penoxsulam plus bentazone reduced grain yield by 1.45-1.48 t ha-1 relative to azimsulfuron.
Evaluation of flucetosulfuron and ready-mix of penoxsulam + bentazone as post-emergent weed control options in direct seeded and transplanted rice · 2019 · compared with azimsulfuron 35 g ha-1
Opposite direction
no effect
Penoxsulam at 22.5 g/ha was comparable to bispyribac-Na 20 g/ha for grain and straw yields.
Effect of weed management practices on productivity, nutrient depletion by weeds and uptake by transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) · 2001 · compared with bispyribac-Na 20 g/ha
Opposite direction

83 papers more in this group

See all 87 papers →

bispyribac-sodium · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

170 papers: 161 positive, 9 negative or no effect

160 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Injury from bispyribac-sodium was transient and caused no rice yield loss.
Environmental conditions affect herbicide selectivity on paddy rice in Southern Brazil · 2022
Opposite direction
no effect
At Taraori, rice yields were similar under pendimethalin or oxadiargyl PRE followed by the stated POST herbicides.
Herbicide options for effective weed management in dry direct- seeded rice under scented rice-wheat rotation of western Indo- · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Bispyribac sodium produced rice yield similar to manual weed control.
Effect of different weed control methods to yield of lowland transplanted rice in the Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh · 2016 · compared with manual weed control
Opposite direction

166 papers more in this group

See all 170 papers →

Ethoxysulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

37 papers: 33 positive, 4 negative or no effect

32 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Ethoxysulfuron alone did not significantly increase rice grain yield or other yield traits.
Evaluation of Ethoxysulfuron and its Mixtures Against Weeds in Transplanted Rice · 2003
Opposite direction
no effect
Anilofos + ethoxysulfuron at 390 g a.i./ha applied 8 DAT produced yield attributes similar to weed-free plots (tillers/m2, grains per panicle, panicle length).
Performance of acetachlor and anilofos + ethoxysulfuron for weed control in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) · 2002 · compared with plots kept weed free
No difference from an alternative
no effect
Postemergence bispyribac tank mixes yielded comparably to listed sequential herbicides.
Management of mixed weed flora in transplanted rice using herbicide combinations · 2016 · compared with sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-Na or pretilachlor with either ethoxysulfuron or chlorimuron + metsulfuron (pre-mix)
No difference from an alternative

33 papers more in this group

See all 37 papers →

Ethoxysulfuron · weed · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

38 papers: 36 positive, 2 negative or no effect

35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
The additional spray of fenoxaprop plus ethoxysulfuron had no effect on weed biomass at 42 days after planting.
Weed Growth and Grain Yield, as Affected by Herbicides, in Dry-seeded Rice in Sri Lanka · 2013
Opposite direction
no effect
Ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offered weed control comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method.
Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet‐seeded rice in Pakistan · 2005 · compared with hand weeding
No difference from an alternative
positive
Oxadiargyl followed by ethoxysulfuron was the best weed-control combination in boro.
Performance of Different Herbicides in Dry-Seeded Rice in Bangladesh · 2014
Same direction

34 papers more in this group

See all 38 papers →

azimsulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

40 papers: 35 positive, 5 negative or no effect

34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Adding metsulfuron to azimsulfuron had no significant effect on rice grain yield.
Evaluation of Azimsulfuron and Metsulfuron-methyl Alone and in Combination for Weed Control in Transplanted Rice · 2008
Opposite direction
no effect
At Taraori, rice yields were similar under pendimethalin or oxadiargyl PRE followed by the stated POST herbicides.
Herbicide options for effective weed management in dry direct- seeded rice under scented rice-wheat rotation of western Indo- · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Specified azimsulfuron treatments yielded statistically similarly to pretilachlor in 2006 and 2007.
Evaluation of Azimsulfuron for the Control of Complex Weed Flora in Transplanted Rice · 2008 · compared with pretilachlor
No difference from an alternative

36 papers more in this group

See all 40 papers →

Flucetosulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Flucetosulfuron yielded 5.42 t ha−1 on par with hand weeding twice.
Effect of weed management practices on yield and yield attributes of wet direct seeded rice under lowland ecosystem of Assam · 2017 · compared with hand weeding twice
Same direction
positive
CGR, NAR and dry matter accumulation rate of transplanted rice were high under flucetosulfuron 20 or 25 g/ha followed by bispyribac sodium 25 g/ha throughout the crop period.
Influence of herbicides on growth and profitability of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Jharkhand · 2018
Same direction

See all 3 papers →

ethyl · weed · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

7 papers: 7 positive, 0 negative or no effect

6 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Metsulfuron-methyl + chlonimuron ethyl + butachlor improved weed-control efficiency to 60.8%.
Efficacy of herbicides in transplanted, medium-duration rice (Oryza sativa) under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu · 2006
Same direction
positive
Clorimuron ethyl reduced weed population and dry weight relative to weedy check.
Effect of herbicide and nitrogen on yield of scented rice (Oryza sativa) under different rice cultures · 2001 · compared with weedy check
Same direction
positive
Carfentrazone-ethyl 40% DF at 25 g a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS gave more weed control efficiency (86.19%) at harvest than the other treatments.
Study of Bioefficacy and Phytotoxicity of Carfentrazone-ethyl 40% DF in Direct Seeded Rice · 2018 · compared with rest of the treatments under study
Same direction

3 papers more in this group

See all 7 papers →

8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 8

The same questions in other papers

Cyhalofop-butyl · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

Penoxsulam · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

bispyribac-sodium · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

Ethoxysulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

Ethoxysulfuron · weed · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

azimsulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

Flucetosulfuron · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

ethyl · weed · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree