Abstract
Crop yields remain significantly low in underdeveloped countries, such as Pakistan, primarily due to the prevalent use of traditional farming methods by most farmers. Resource-saving strategies, like ridge and raised flat bed systems, could boost water use efficiency and production per acre. However, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of these methods, along with different levels of soil moisture depletion (SMD), on wheat development in the climatic conditions of Sindh Province. Thus, field trials were undertaken at Sindh Agriculture University’s Tandojam for two years (2022 and 2023) during the wheat growing seasons. The experiment included six treatments, viz., T1 (raised flat bed method under 40% depletion), T2 (ridge method under 40% depletion), T3 (raised flat bed method under 50% depletion), T4 (ridge method under 50% depletion), T5 (raised flat bed method under 60% depletion), and T6 (ridge method under 60% depletion). The bed planter was employed to make raised flat beds, and the ridges were prepared using a ridge planter. Wheat variety (TJ-83) was sown. Under all treatments, the plant population, plant height, and seed index were statistically significant (p < 0.05), although spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1 were non-significant at different SMD levels. To compute water saving through the ridge and raised flat methods, the recommended delta value for wheat crops under the traditional method was used as a benchmark. Both irrigation technologies conserve water compared to traditional irrigation methods. The T5 treatment conserved the most water, followed by T6. Under a 60% depletion level, the ridge approach produced the highest yield of 2175 kg ha−1, compared to 601 kg ha−1 with the raised flat bed method. The best crop water productivity (CWP) of 1.34 kg m−3 was achieved under T6, whereas raised flat beds attained the lowest CWP of 0.27 kg m−3 under T1. In terms of wheat grain production and CWP, the ridge furrow method outperformed the raised flat bed furrow method. Based on the results, it is recommended that farmers should use the ridge furrow method and allow a 60% depletion of soil moisture to obtain a high yield of wheat crops.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Plant population, plant height and seed index varied significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant population, plant height, and seed indexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under all treatments, the plant population, plant height, and seed index were statistically significant (p < 0.05), although spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1 were non-significant at different SMD levels.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike length, grain spikes and grain weight per spike were not significantly different across SMD levels.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- different SMD levelse0
- Outcome
- spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spike length, grain spikes−1, and grain weight spikes−1 were non-significant at different SMD levels.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge irrigation conserved water compared with traditional irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation technologiese0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- conservee0
- Comparator
- traditional irrigation methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both irrigation technologies conserve water compared to traditional irrigation methods.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 conserved the most water, followed by T6.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The T5 treatment conserved the most water, followed by T6.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
At 60% depletion, ridge planting yielded 2175 kg ha−1 versus 601 kg ha−1 for raised flat beds.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ridge approache0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2175 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 60% depletion levele0
- Comparator
- raised flat bed methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under a 60% depletion level, the ridge approach produced the highest yield of 2175 kg ha−1, compared to 601 kg ha−1 with the raised flat bed method.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
T6 produced the best crop water productivity of 1.34 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T6e0
- Outcome
- crop water productivity (CWP)e0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 1.34 kg m−3e0
- Comparator
- T1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best crop water productivity (CWP) of 1.34 kg m−3 was achieved under T6, whereas raised flat beds attained the lowest CWP of 0.27 kg m−3 under T1.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 had the lowest crop water productivity, 0.27 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- T1e0
- Outcome
- CWPe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.27 kg m−3e0
- Comparator
- T6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The best crop water productivity (CWP) of 1.34 kg m−3 was achieved under T6, whereas raised flat beds attained the lowest CWP of 0.27 kg m−3 under T1.”
t0“Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge furrow planting outperformed raised flat beds for grain production and crop water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- ridge furrow methode0
- Outcome
- wheat grain production and CWPe0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- raised flat bed furrow methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In terms of wheat grain production and CWP, the ridge furrow method outperformed the raised flat bed furrow method.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ridge furrows with 60% soil moisture depletion to obtain high wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- use the ridge furrow method and allow a 60% depletion of soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is recommended that farmers should use the ridge furrow method and allow a 60% depletion of soil moisture to obtain a high yield of wheat crops.”
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See all 303 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.