Abstract
Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 spraying reduced ethanol-extractable and water-extractable Cd concentrations in pakchoi shoots.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- Spraying ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 spraying reduced bioaccessible Cd concentrations by 20.3–66.4%.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Treatment
- Spraying ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- bioaccessible Cd concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20.3–66.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%)”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 spraying reduced attendant Cd health risks from pakchoi consumption.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ZnNa2EDTA spraying significantly increased ethanol- and water-extractable Cd forms.
- Taxon
- pakchoie2
- Treatment
- spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTAe0
- Outcome
- concentrations of both Cd formse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cde1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd”
e1“ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd”
e2“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ZnNa2EDTA spraying significantly increased bioaccessible Cd.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 spraying significantly increased Zn concentrations in both extractable forms.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Treatment
- Spraying ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2Oe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ZnNa2EDTA spraying significantly increased Zn concentrations in both extractable forms.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Treatment
- high-dose ZnNa2EDTAe0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2Oe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnSO4 spraying increased bioaccessible Zn concentrations within the reported 0.8–8.3-fold range.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Treatment
- Spraying ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- bioaccessible Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.8–8.3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold)”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
High-dose ZnNa2EDTA spraying increased bioaccessible Zn concentrations within the reported 0.8–8.3-fold range.
- Taxon
- pakchoie1
- Treatment
- high-dose ZnNa2EDTAe0
- Outcome
- bioaccessible Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.8–8.3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold)”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol- and water-extractable fractions contributed over 59% of bioaccessible Cd.
Verbatim
e0“Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn.”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol- and water-extractable fractions contributed over 59% of bioaccessible Zn.
Verbatim
e0“Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn.”
e1“pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots”
e2“Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn application affects Cd bioaccessibility mainly by modulating Cd in ethanol- and water-extractable fractions.
Verbatim
e0“foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O”
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