Abstract
Potential toxic element (PTE) pollution has emerged as a significant environmental and social concern in global agriculture. Chromium (Cr) occurs in different oxidation states naturally, among them Cr(VI), which is highly toxic. This study carried out biochemical and molecular tests to elucidate the accumulation of total soluble phenolics (TSPs) in rice plants exposed to Cr(VI) at 2.0, 8.0, and 16.0 mg Cr/L, emphasizing the interaction between polyamines (PAs) and abscisic acid (ABA). The results revealed significant Cr accumulation in different tissues of rice plants, which hindered their growth. Cr(VI) exposure increased the ABA concentration, with higher levels detected in the shoots than in the roots. The TSP concentration in rice tissues showed a positive relationship with the supplied concentrations of Cr(VI). The measured PAs, including spermine (Spm), putrescine (Put), and spermidine (Spd), exhibited varied responses to Cr(VI) stress, with only Spm concentration increasing with Cr(VI) concentrations. Real-time qRT-PCR showed PAs and ABA synthesis-associated genes such as OsADC1, OsAIH, OsCPA1, and OsCPA4 were significantly up-regulated in shoot of rice plants treated with Cr(VI). These genes are associated with the second pathway of Put synthesis, originating from Arg. Almost all genes activated in the Met pathway were significantly up-regulated as well. Moreover, the genes involved in the interconversion among the three species of PAs exhibited completely different responses to Cr(VI) exposure. Overall, the biochemical analysis and gene expression data indicate that the interaction between ABA and Spm is likely to enhance the TSP levels in rice plants subjected to Cr(VI) toxicity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rice accumulated chromium in different tissues under Cr(VI) exposure.
- Taxon
- rice plants
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- different tissuese0
- Treatment
- Cre0
- Outcome
- Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed significant Cr accumulation in different tissues of rice plants, which hindered their growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium accumulation hindered rice growth.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cre0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- hinderede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed significant Cr accumulation in different tissues of rice plants, which hindered their growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr(VI) exposure increased ABA concentration in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) exposuree0
- Outcome
- ABA concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Cr(VI) exposure increased the ABA concentration, with higher levels detected in the shoots than in the roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA levels were higher in rice shoots than roots under Cr(VI) exposure.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) exposuree0
- Outcome
- ABA concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Cr(VI) exposure increased the ABA concentration, with higher levels detected in the shoots than in the roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice tissue TSP concentration increased with supplied Cr(VI) concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- tissuese0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI)e0
- Outcome
- TSP concentratione0
- Direction
- positive relationshipe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The TSP concentration in rice tissues showed a positive relationship with the supplied concentrations of Cr(VI).”
Claim · model-written summary
Among measured polyamines, only Spm concentration rose with Cr(VI) concentration.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI)e0
- Outcome
- Spm concentratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“The measured PAs, including spermine (Spm), putrescine (Put), and spermidine (Spd), exhibited varied responses to Cr(VI) stress, with only Spm concentration increasing with Cr(VI) concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
OsADC1, OsAIH, OsCPA1 and OsCPA4 were significantly up-regulated in Cr(VI)-treated rice shoots.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI)e0
- Gene
- OsADC1, OsAIH, OsCPA1, and OsCPA4e0
- Outcome
- OsADC1, OsAIH, OsCPA1, and OsCPA4e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Real-time qRT-PCR showed PAs and ABA synthesis-associated genes such as OsADC1, OsAIH, OsCPA1, and OsCPA4 were significantly up-regulated in shoot of rice plants treated with Cr(VI).”
Claim · model-written summary
Almost all genes activated in the Met pathway were significantly up-regulated.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- genes activated in the Met pathwaye0
- Outcome
- genes activated in the Met pathwaye0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“Almost all genes activated in the Met pathway were significantly up-regulated as well.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes involved in interconversion among the three PA species responded differently to Cr(VI).
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) exposuree0
- Gene
- genes involved in the interconversione0
- Outcome
- different responsese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Seedlings”
e0“the genes involved in the interconversion among the three species of PAs exhibited completely different responses to Cr(VI) exposure.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that ABA–Spm interaction likely enhances TSP levels under Cr(VI) toxicity.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Cr(VI) toxicitye0
- Compound
- ABA and Spme0
- Outcome
- TSP levelse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- likelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between ABA and Spm is likely to enhance the TSP levels in rice plants subjected to Cr(VI) toxicity.”
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