Abstract
Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) pose serious threats to food safety and ecosystem stability. In current study, pristine biochar (BC) and iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) were prepared, and the potential of BC and Fe-BC to reduce the bioavailability of Cd and Cr in soil, their uptake, toxicity in rapeseed (Brassica napus L) and the mechanisms involved were examined. In a pot experiment varying levels of BC and Fe-BC were applied to Cd and Cr-contaminated soil. The results indicated that soil supplementation with the highest level of Fe-BC (2 %) incremented the dry weights of roots, shoots, and seeds by 65 %, 33 %, and 149 %, respectively. Additionally, Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively. Plants treated with Fe-BC (2 %) showed amplified superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The results regarding saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents of seeds showed that Fe-BC (2 %) treatment exhibited the greatest increase in linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid contents, increasing these acids by 21 %, 6.5 %, 53 %, and 14.5 %, respectively. Moreover, Fe-BC (2 %) treated seeds depicted increased oil and protein contents by 14 % and 29 %, respectively. Soil application of Fe-BC (2 %) dramatically decreased Cd and Cr levels in the roots, shoots, and seeds by 21 %, 44 %, 88 %, 16 %, 38 %, and 57 %, respectively. The addition of Fe-BC significantly lowered the concentration of exchangeable (Exc) and bound to carbonate (B-C) fractions of Cd and Cr in the soil, while increasing that of iron-manganese (B-Fe-Mn) bounded and residual (Res) fractions. In conclusion, soil application of the Fe-BC amendment could be used as a sustainable approach to reduce the ecological and environmental risks associated with soils contaminated with Cd and Cr, and ensure safer crop production.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC at 2% increased root dry weight by 65%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“soil supplementation with the highest level of Fe-BC (2 %) incremented the dry weights of roots, shoots, and seeds by 65 %, 33 %, and 149 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC at 2% increased shoot dry weight by 33%.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- dry weights of roots, shoots, and seedse0
- Direction
- incrementede0
- Value
- 33 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) incremented the dry weights of roots, shoots, and seeds by 65 %, 33 %, and 149 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC at 2% increased seed dry weight by 149%.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- dry weights of roots, shoots, and seedse0
- Direction
- incrementede0
- Value
- 149 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) incremented the dry weights of roots, shoots, and seeds by 65 %, 33 %, and 149 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased photosynthesis by 43.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased transpiration by 39.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased stomatal conductance by 33.5.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased intercellular CO2 emissions by 36.9%.
- Taxon
- rapeseede0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO2 emissionse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 36.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased chlorophyll contents by 28%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated rapeseed plants showed highest increase in photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 emissions, and chlorophyll contents by 43.2 %, 39.5 %, 33.5, 36.9 % and 28 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased SOD, CAT and APX activities.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activitiese0
- Direction
- amplifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with Fe-BC (2 %) showed amplified superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed linolenic acid by 21%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treatment exhibited the greatest increase in linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid contents, increasing these acids by 21 %, 6.5 %, 53 %, and 14.5 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed oleic acid by 6.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treatment exhibited the greatest increase in linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid contents, increasing these acids by 21 %, 6.5 %, 53 %, and 14.5 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed erucic acid by 53%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treatment exhibited the greatest increase in linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid contents, increasing these acids by 21 %, 6.5 %, 53 %, and 14.5 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed linoleic acid by 14.5%.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- linoleic acid contentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14.5 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treatment exhibited the greatest increase in linolenic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, and linoleic acid contents, increasing these acids by 21 %, 6.5 %, 53 %, and 14.5 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed oil content by 14%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated seeds depicted increased oil and protein contents by 14 % and 29 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased seed protein content by 29%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fe-BC (2 %) treated seeds depicted increased oil and protein contents by 14 % and 29 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC lowered Cd in roots, shoots and seeds by 21%, 44% and 88%, respectively.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soil application of Fe-BC (2 %) dramatically decreased Cd and Cr levels in the roots, shoots, and seeds by 21 %, 44 %, 88 %, 16 %, 38 %, and 57 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC lowered Cr in roots, shoots and seeds by 16%, 38% and 57%, respectively.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Fe-BC (2 %)e0
- Outcome
- Cr levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16 %, 38 %, and 57 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soil application of Fe-BC (2 %) dramatically decreased Cd and Cr levels in the roots, shoots, and seeds by 21 %, 44 %, 88 %, 16 %, 38 %, and 57 %, respectively”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC lowered exchangeable and carbonate bound Cd and Cr fractions in soil.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Fe-BCe0
- Outcome
- exchangeable (Exc) and bound to carbonate (B-C) fractions of Cd and Cr in the soile0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The addition of Fe-BC significantly lowered the concentration of exchangeable (Exc) and bound to carbonate (B-C) fractions of Cd and Cr in the soil”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe-BC increased iron-manganese bound and residual Cd and Cr fractions in soil.
- Taxon
- rapeseedt0
- Treatment
- Fe-BCe2
- Outcome
- iron-manganese (B-Fe-Mn) bounded and residual (Res) fractionse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“while increasing that of iron-manganese (B-Fe-Mn) bounded and residual (Res) fractions”
e1“fractions of Cd and Cr in the soil”
e2“The addition of Fe-BC significantly lowered the concentration of exchangeable (Exc) and bound to carbonate (B-C) fractions of Cd and Cr in the soil”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend Fe-BC for safer crop production in contaminated soils.
Verbatim
e0“soil application of the Fe-BC amendment could be used as a sustainable approach to reduce the ecological and environmental risks associated with soils contaminated with Cd and Cr, and ensure safer crop production”
t0“rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)”
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