Abstract
One of the challenges in the drying process is decreasing the drying time while preserving the product quality. This work aimed to assess the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment with varying specific energy levels (15.2–26.8 kJ/kg) in conjunction with a microwave vacuum dryer (operating at energy levels of 100, 200 and 300 W) on the kinetics of drying apple slices (cv. Gravenstein). The findings demonstrated a notable reduction in the moisture ratio with the application of pulsed electric field treatment. Based on the findings, implementing PEF reduced the drying time from 4.2 to 31.4% compared to the untreated sample. Moreover, two mathematical models (viz. Page and Weibull) and two machine learning techniques (viz. artificial neural network and support vector regression) were used to predict the moisture ratio of the dried samples. Page’s and Weibull’s models predicted the moisture ratios with R2 = 0.958 and 0.970, respectively. The optimal topology of machine learning to predict the moisture ratio was derived based on the influential parameters within the artificial neural network (i.e., training algorithm, transfer function and hidden layer neurons) and support vector regression (kernel function). The performance of the artificial neural network (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.038 and MAE = 0.024) surpassed that of support vector regression (R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.012 and MAE = 0.009). Overall, the machine learning approach outperformed the mathematical models in terms of performance. Hence, machine learning can be used effectively for both predicting the moisture ratio and facilitating online monitoring and control of the drying processes. Lastly, the attributes of the dried apple slices, including color, mechanical properties and sensory analysis, were evaluated. Drying apple slices using PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energy not only reduces drying time but also maintains the chemical properties such as the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity), vitamin C, color and sensory qualities of the product.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Pulsed electric field reduced apple moisture ratio.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- pulsed electric field treatmente0
- Outcome
- moisture ratioe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a notable reduction in the moisture ratio with the application of pulsed electric field treatment.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
PEF reduced apple drying time by 4.2 to 31.4% versus untreated slices.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- PEFe0
- Outcome
- drying timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4.2 to 31.4%e0
- Comparator
- untreated samplee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“implementing PEF reduced the drying time from 4.2 to 31.4% compared to the untreated sample.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Page model predicted moisture ratio with R2 0.958.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- moisture ratiose0
- Value
- R2 = 0.958e0
- Qualifier
- Page’se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Page’s and Weibull’s models predicted the moisture ratios with R2 = 0.958 and 0.970, respectively.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Weibull model predicted moisture ratio with R2 0.970.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- moisture ratiose0
- Value
- 0.970e0
- Qualifier
- Weibull’se0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Page’s and Weibull’s models predicted the moisture ratios with R2 = 0.958 and 0.970, respectively.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificial neural network predicted moisture ratio with R2 0.998.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- artificial neural networke0
- Value
- R2 = 0.998e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“artificial neural network (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.038 and MAE = 0.024)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificial neural network had RMSE 0.038.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- RMSEe0
- Value
- 0.038e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“artificial neural network (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.038 and MAE = 0.024)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificial neural network had MAE 0.024.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- MAEe0
- Value
- 0.024e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“artificial neural network (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.038 and MAE = 0.024)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Support vector regression predicted moisture ratio with R2 0.994.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- support vector regressione0
- Value
- R2 = 0.994e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“support vector regression (R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.012 and MAE = 0.009)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Support vector regression had RMSE 0.012.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- RMSEe0
- Value
- 0.012e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“support vector regression (R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.012 and MAE = 0.009)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Support vector regression had MAE 0.009.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- MAEe0
- Value
- 0.009e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“support vector regression (R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.012 and MAE = 0.009)”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors reported neural network performance surpassed support vector regression.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Comparator
- support vector regressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance of the artificial neural network (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.038 and MAE = 0.024) surpassed that of support vector regression (R2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.012 and MAE = 0.009).”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Machine learning outperformed mathematical models overall.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- mathematical modelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the machine learning approach outperformed the mathematical models in terms of performance.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Machine learning can predict moisture ratio and support online monitoring and drying control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- predicting the moisture ratio and facilitating online monitoring and control of the drying processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“machine learning can be used effectively for both predicting the moisture ratio and facilitating online monitoring and control of the drying processes.”
t0“Apple Slices”
Claim · model-written summary
PEF plus 100 W reduced drying time.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energye0
- Outcome
- drying timee0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drying apple slices using PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energy not only reduces drying time but also maintains the chemical properties such as the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity), vitamin C, color and sensory qualities of the product.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEF plus 100 W maintained phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energye0
- Outcome
- total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- maintainse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drying apple slices using PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energy not only reduces drying time but also maintains the chemical properties such as the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity), vitamin C, color and sensory qualities of the product.”
Claim · model-written summary
PEF plus 100 W maintained vitamin C, color and sensory qualities.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energye0
- Outcome
- vitamin C, color and sensory qualitiese0
- Direction
- maintainse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drying apple slices using PEF treatment and 100 W of microwave energy not only reduces drying time but also maintains the chemical properties such as the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity), vitamin C, color and sensory qualities of the product.”
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