Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for the normal growth and development of plants. The deficiency or excess affects the physiological and biochemical processes and is hence responsible for the decline in plant growth and productivity. Some plants tolerate high levels, and phytotoxicity problems are known to occur in soils with naturally elevated boron. This research assesses boron deficiency and toxicity of the biochemical properties of Triticum aestivum. The experiments were conducted with 6 B-level mg/kg, Boron deficient (B0), sufficient (B10, B20, B30), and noxious (B50 and B60). Fifteen seeds of T. aestivum L were sown at 2 cm depth in pots with a height of 30 cm and a 25 cm diameter. The pots were filled with clay loam soil (3 kg) with a pH of 6.9, water holding capacity of 50.37%, bulk density of 0.96 g/cc, specific gravity of 4.03, and organic carbon of 0.82%. Biochemical constituents, including Chlorophyll a/b, leaf protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents, were analyzed. Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60). Moreover, the results showed that B deficiency as well as excess concentration affect plant growth and other morpho-physiological processes. The different concentrations of B (50 mg/kg) were moderately toxic, while (60 mg/kg) generated high toxicity and induced a B stress response to confer tolerance in wheat. Further, a possible mechanism of B toxicity response in wheat is suggested. Conclusively, growing tolerant crops may be the only sustainable solution to improve the growth and development of T. aestivum quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a/b increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a/be0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll a/b decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll a/be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
protein increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
protein decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
proline increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
proline decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
sugar increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
sugar decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
carotenoid increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
carotenoid decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
phenol increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- phenole0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
phenol decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- phenole0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B sufficient levels (B20 and B30)e0
- Outcome
- amino acid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
amino acid contents decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60)e0
- Outcome
- amino acid contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results show that Chlorophyll a/b protein, proline, sugar, carotenoid, phenol, and amino acid contents increased at B sufficient levels (B20 and B30) and decreased at B deficient (B0) and toxic levels (B50 and B60).”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
B deficiency and excess concentration affected plant growth and morpho-physiological processes.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant growth and other morpho-physiological processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B deficiency as well as excess concentration affect plant growth and other morpho-physiological processes.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
50 mg/kg B was moderately toxic.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- moderately toxice0
- Value
- 50 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The different concentrations of B (50 mg/kg) were moderately toxic, while (60 mg/kg) generated high toxicity and induced a B stress response to confer tolerance in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
60 mg/kg B generated high toxicity and a stress response in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- high toxicity and induced a B stress responsee0
- Value
- 60 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(60 mg/kg) generated high toxicity and induced a B stress response to confer tolerance in wheat.”
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