Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of a green synthesized nitrogen-rich zinc complex (Zn-NC) using quinoline (C 9 H 7 N) as the nitrogen-rich substrate to enhance growth and biochemical properties in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The performance of Zn-NC was compared to standard zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Both Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Three concentrations (100, 200, and 500 ppm) of each compound, along with a control, were applied to local soil samples (n=3). The physiological (biomass, elongation) and biochemical effects (chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenols) on wheat were investigated. Potential phytotoxic effects were evaluated to establish the biostimulants' safety thresholds. Plants treated with green Zn-NC showed an average increase in shoot length of 25 % compared to the control group. The chlorophyll content in plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 18 %, while those treated with green Zn-NC increased by 12 % compared to control. Application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a 30 % increase in total yield, whereas green Zn-NC treatment led to a 22 % yield increase. The root biomass of plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 28 %, and those treated with green Zn-NC saw a 20 % increase compared to controls. Based on the optimization of overall results, the ZnO NPs showed phytotoxic effects at concentrations above 200 ppm, while green Zn-NC exhibited no significant phytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 300 ppm. This study delineates the optimal concentrations of Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs that can enhance nutrient delivery and yield in cereal crops while mitigating phytotoxic risks. The findings provide valuable insights into applying nano-biostimulants in agroecosystems, highlighting their potential to improve productivity and sustainability in agriculture. • Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs significantly enhanced the growth and biochemical properties of wheat. • Zn-NC offers an eco-friendly alternative for nitrogen-deficient soils. • Detailed characterization and safety thresholds ensure safe agricultural use. • Determined effective concentrations of Zn-NC and ZnO-NPs for boosting crop yield.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Green Zn-NC raised wheat shoot length by 25 % against control.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- green Zn-NCe0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 25 %e0
- Comparator
- control groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants treated with green Zn-NC showed an average increase in shoot length of 25 % compared to the control group.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs raised wheat chlorophyll content by 18 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorophyll content in plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 18 %, while those treated with green Zn-NC increased by 12 % compared to control.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Zn-NC raised wheat chlorophyll content by 12 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- green Zn-NCe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12 %e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chlorophyll content in plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 18 %, while those treated with green Zn-NC increased by 12 % compared to control.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased wheat yield by 30 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- total yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 30 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a 30 % increase in total yield, whereas green Zn-NC treatment led to a 22 % yield increase.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Zn-NC increased wheat yield by 22 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- green Zn-NCe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 22 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of ZnO-NPs resulted in a 30 % increase in total yield, whereas green Zn-NC treatment led to a 22 % yield increase.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO-NPs increased wheat root biomass by 28 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28 %e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root biomass of plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 28 %, and those treated with green Zn-NC saw a 20 % increase compared to controls.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Zn-NC increased wheat root biomass by 20 %.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- green Zn-NCe0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root biomass of plants treated with ZnO-NPs increased by 28 %, and those treated with green Zn-NC saw a 20 % increase compared to controls.”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs showed phytotoxicity above 200 ppm.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse0
- Value
- 200 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ZnO NPs showed phytotoxic effects at concentrations above 200 ppm”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
Claim · model-written summary
Green Zn-NC showed no significant phytotoxicity up to 300 ppm.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- green Zn-NCe0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye0
- Value
- 300 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green Zn-NC exhibited no significant phytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 300 ppm”
t0“Triticum aestivum”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.