Abstract
In the context of global climate change and natural resource scarcity, agricultural production is facing multiple challenges in improving crop yields and optimizing natural resource use. It is of great practical significance to optimize agricultural practices to achieve sustainable agricultural development. In this study, a two-year winter wheat field experiment was conducted in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China, from 2020 to 2022 to assess the effects of biochar, irrigation, and N fertilizer rates on the yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency, and economic benefits of winter wheat. Specifically, biochar was applied to winter wheat at 30 t ha −1 in combination with two irrigation application rates, including regular irrigation (I 100 ; actual evapotranspiration) and deficit irrigation (I 80 ; 0.8 actual evapotranspiration), and three different N fertilizer rates at 210 (N H ; conventional applied N rate by local farmers), 160 (N M ; moderate N rate), and 110 kg ha −1 (N L ; low N rate). The control groups in this study consisted of experimental plots under the N M and N 0 (no N) without biochar application. The aboveground dry matter mass (ADM), yield, and net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB) of winter wheat showed increasing trends with increasing N application rates without significant differences between the N H and N M treatments. On the other hand, the water use efficiency (WUE), agronomic N fertilizer use efficiency (aNUE), and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE) showed increasing-decreasing trends with increasing N fertilizer rates, reaching the highest values under the N M treatment scenario. The biochar addition significantly increased the winter wheat yield and WUE (P<0.05). On the other hand, the I 80 treatment resulted in higher WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than those under I 100 by 5.63 and 13.52 %, respectively. TOPSIS results indicated that the combined I 80 B 1 N M treatment was the optimal winter wheat management practice, maintaining high productivity while improving resource use efficiency and economic benefits. The results of the present study provide an important scientific basis and guidance for ensuring efficient and high-quality agricultural products in the Guanzhong Plain and other regions in China with similar climatic characteristics. • Reduced nitrogen improved resource utilization without significantly reducing yield. • Biochar improved nutrient supply and reduced irrigation deficit-induced yield loss. • Biochar increased wheat yields while improving water and nitrogen use efficiencies. • The I 80 B 1 N M treatment enhanced wheat yields and associated economic benefits.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry matter, yield and net ecosystem economic budget of winter wheat showed increasing trends with increasing N application rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- increasing N application ratese1
- Outcome
- aboveground dry matter mass (ADM), yield, and net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB)e1
- Direction
- increasing trendse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“The aboveground dry matter mass (ADM), yield, and net ecosystem economic budget (NEEB) of winter wheat showed increasing trends with increasing N application rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground dry matter, yield and net ecosystem economic budget did not differ significantly between the N H and N M treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N He1
- Outcome
- significant differencese1
- Direction
- without significant differencese1
- Comparator
- N Me1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“without significant differences between the N H and N M treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency, agronomic N use efficiency and N fertilizer recovery efficiency first increased then decreased with increasing N rates, peaking under the N M treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing N fertilizer ratese1
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE), agronomic N fertilizer use efficiency (aNUE), and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE)e1
- Direction
- increasing-decreasing trendse1
- Qualifier
- highest values under the N M treatment scenarioe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“the water use efficiency (WUE), agronomic N fertilizer use efficiency (aNUE), and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE) showed increasing-decreasing trends with increasing N fertilizer rates, reaching the highest values under the N M treatment scenario”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar addition significantly increased winter wheat yield and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biochar additione1
- Outcome
- winter wheat yield and WUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“The biochar addition significantly increased the winter wheat yield and WUE (P<0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The I 80 deficit irrigation treatment gave higher water use efficiency than I 100, by 5.63%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I 80e1
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 5.63e1
- Comparator
- I 100e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“the I 80 treatment resulted in higher WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than those under I 100 by 5.63 and 13.52 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The I 80 deficit irrigation treatment gave higher irrigation water use efficiency than I 100, by 13.52%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- I 80e1
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE)e1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 13.52 %e1
- Comparator
- I 100e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“the I 80 treatment resulted in higher WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) than those under I 100 by 5.63 and 13.52 %, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined I 80 B 1 N M treatment was the optimal winter wheat management practice by TOPSIS, maintaining high productivity while improving resource use efficiency and economic benefits.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- optimal winter wheat management practicee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“TOPSIS results indicated that the combined I 80 B 1 N M treatment was the optimal winter wheat management practice, maintaining high productivity while improving resource use efficiency and economic benefits”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced irrigation deficit-induced yield loss in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- irrigation deficit-induced yield losse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“Biochar improved nutrient supply and reduced irrigation deficit-induced yield loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced nitrogen improved resource utilization of winter wheat without significantly reducing yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Reduced nitrogene1
- Outcome
- resource utilizatione1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“economic benefits of winter wheat”
e1“Reduced nitrogen improved resource utilization without significantly reducing yield”
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