Abstract
Spring low-temperature stress (LTS) has become a major limiting factor for the development of high yield, quality and efficiency in wheat production. It not only affects the function of wheat leaves and the development of spikes but also impacts stem lodging resistance, and may experience elevated risk of stem lodging. This study conducted a field pot experiment to assess the effect of phosphorus fertilizer application mode on wheat stem lodging resistance under spring LTS. Two wheat varieties, Yannong19 (YN19, cold-tolerant variety) and Xinmai26 (XM26, cold-sensitive variety) used as the experiment material. Two phosphorus fertilizer application models including traditional phosphorus application (TPA) and optimized phosphorus application (OPA) were employed. Temperature treatment was conducted at 15 °C (CK) and -4 °C (LT) in a controlled phytotron. Our results showed that spring LTS decreased the stem wall thickness and internode fullness, and altered stem anatomical structure and chemical composition, resulting in a decrease in wheat stem mechanical strength and lodging resistant index. Compared with TPA, the OPA increased the stem wall thickness and internode fullness. The thickness of the stem mechanic tissue layer and parenchymatous tissue, and the area of the large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle were increased by the OPA, which alleviated the damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS. At the same time, the OPA also increased the contents of lignin, cellulose, and soluble sugar, improving the C/N ratio in wheat stem. Due to the improved stem morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, and chemical compositions, the wheat stem exhibited enhanced lodging resistance, which increased the lodging resistant index of the 2nd and 3rd internodes of YN19 and XM26 by 27.27%, 11.63% and 14.15%, 15.73% at the dough stage compared with TPA under spring LTS. Meanwhile, OPA could not only alleviate the yield loss caused by spring LTS, but also increase the grain yield without spring LTS. This study indicated that OPA enhances wheat stem lodging resistance under spring LTS, and would be meaningful and practical for improving wheat resistance to low-temperature stress.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Spring low-temperature stress decreased stem wall thickness and internode fullness.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- spring LTSe0
- Outcome
- stem wall thickness and internode fullnesse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring LTS decreased the stem wall thickness and internode fullness”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring low-temperature stress altered stem anatomical structure and chemical composition.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- spring LTSe2
- Outcome
- stem anatomical structure and chemical compositione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered stem anatomical structure and chemical composition”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring low-temperature stress decreased stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- spring LTSe2
- Outcome
- wheat stem mechanical strength and lodging resistant indexe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in a decrease in wheat stem mechanical strength and lodging resistant index”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased stem wall thickness and internode fullness versus TPA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- stem wall thickness and internode fullnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with TPA, the OPA increased the stem wall thickness and internode fullness.”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased mechanic tissue layer and parenchymatous tissue thickness.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- thickness of the stem mechanic tissue layer and parenchymatous tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- TPAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The thickness of the stem mechanic tissue layer and parenchymatous tissue, and the area of the large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle were increased by the OPA”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased large and small vascular bundle area.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- area of the large vascular bundle and small vascular bundlee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- TPAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the area of the large vascular bundle and small vascular bundle were increased by the OPA”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA alleviated low-temperature damage to stem cell walls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- damage to stem cell wallse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- TPAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the OPA, which alleviated the damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased stem lignin, cellulose and soluble sugar contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- contents of lignin, cellulose, and soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- TPAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the OPA also increased the contents of lignin, cellulose, and soluble sugar”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA improved the wheat stem C/N ratio.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving the C/N ratio in wheat stem”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased YN19 second internode lodging index by 27.27% under spring stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- 2nde0
- Treatment
- OPAe3
- Outcome
- lodging resistant indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.27%e0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lodging resistant index of the 2nd and 3rd internodes of YN19 and XM26 by 27.27%, 11.63% and 14.15%, 15.73% at the dough stage compared with TPA under spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased YN19 third internode lodging index by 11.63% under spring stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- 3rde0
- Treatment
- OPAe3
- Outcome
- lodging resistant indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.63%e0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lodging resistant index of the 2nd and 3rd internodes of YN19 and XM26 by 27.27%, 11.63% and 14.15%, 15.73% at the dough stage compared with TPA under spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased XM26 second internode lodging index by 14.15% under spring stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- 2nde0
- Treatment
- OPAe3
- Outcome
- lodging resistant indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.15%e0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lodging resistant index of the 2nd and 3rd internodes of YN19 and XM26 by 27.27%, 11.63% and 14.15%, 15.73% at the dough stage compared with TPA under spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased XM26 third internode lodging index by 15.73% under spring stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- 3rde0
- Treatment
- OPAe3
- Outcome
- lodging resistant indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.73%e0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the lodging resistant index of the 2nd and 3rd internodes of YN19 and XM26 by 27.27%, 11.63% and 14.15%, 15.73% at the dough stage compared with TPA under spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA alleviated yield loss due to spring stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OPA could not only alleviate the yield loss caused by spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
Claim · model-written summary
OPA increased grain yield without spring stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“also increase the grain yield without spring LTS”
e1“Wheat Stem Lodging Resistance”
e2“damage to stem cell walls caused by spring LTS”
e3“Compared with TPA, the OPA”
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