Abstract
One of the primary sources of trace elements in the environment is wastewater used for irrigation. However, the effects of untreated wastewater containing high concentrations of chromium and zinc on vegetables and the potential human health risks associated with their consumption are poorly understood. This pot experiment aimed to address this research gap. The accumulation of chromium and zinc and their effect on the biochemical parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) irrigated with untreated industrial effluents were assessed. The average concentrations of chromium and zinc in the edible parts of the vegetables ranged between 7.36 and 7.58 mg/kg dry weight and 59.8 and 833 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The irrigation of the lettuce with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/L led to a significant increase in the content of phenols and the antioxidant activity. A significant reduction in the chlorophyll content of the lettuce leaves and the antioxidant activity of the onion leaves was observed when the plants were irrigated with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/L. No non-carcinogenic health risk from the intake of chromium and zinc was identified through the consumption of lettuce and green onion, primarily due to the fact that a smaller proportion of the total metal content was transferred to their edible parts.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium in edible vegetable parts ranged from 7.36 to 7.58 mg/kg dry weight.
Verbatim
e0“The average concentrations of chromium and zinc in the edible parts of the vegetables ranged between 7.36 and 7.58 mg/kg dry weight and 59.8 and 833 mg/kg dry weight, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc in edible vegetable parts ranged from 59.8 to 833 mg/kg dry weight.
Verbatim
e0“The average concentrations of chromium and zinc in the edible parts of the vegetables ranged between 7.36 and 7.58 mg/kg dry weight and 59.8 and 833 mg/kg dry weight, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluent with 2.95 mg/L zinc significantly increased lettuce phenol content.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- content of phenolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The irrigation of the lettuce with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/L led to a significant increase in the content of phenols and the antioxidant activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluent with 2.95 mg/L zinc significantly increased lettuce antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The irrigation of the lettuce with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 2.95 mg/L led to a significant increase in the content of phenols and the antioxidant activity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluent with 78 mg/L zinc significantly reduced lettuce leaf chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content of the lettuce leavese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant reduction in the chlorophyll content of the lettuce leaves and the antioxidant activity of the onion leaves was observed when the plants were irrigated with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Effluent with 78 mg/L zinc significantly reduced onion leaf antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Treatment
- effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/Le0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity of the onion leavese0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant reduction in the chlorophyll content of the lettuce leaves and the antioxidant activity of the onion leaves was observed when the plants were irrigated with the effluent containing zinc at a concentration of 78 mg/L.”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · physiology: pigments · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →zinc atom · quality: phytochemicals · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
zinc atom · quality: phytochemicals · Allium cepa (onion)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.